Фармакоэкономические аспекты лечения COVID-19

В статье предложен обзор мировых тенденций различных лечебных подходов при COVID-19 с точки зрения фармакоэкономической эффективности. Рассматриваются различные стратегии ведения пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией, отдельные группы лекарств. Подробно представлены текущие клинические исследования при COVID-19, основные направления, проблемы и задачи, стоящие перед системой здравоохранения. Обсуждаются аспекты экономической эффективности различных мер профилактики распространения COVID-19. Тщательное изучение фармакоэкономических особенностей новой коронавирусной инфекции позволит разработать эффективные стандарты по планированию процесса обеспечения медицинских организаций в условиях пандемии.

1. Dong E., Du H., Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20 (5): 533–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1.

2. Leonardi Vinci D., Polidori C., Polidori P. The healthcare and pharmaceutical vulnerability emerging from the new coronavirus outbreak. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2020; 27 (3): 129–30. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-00227.

3. Перхов В.И., Песенникова Е.В. Особенности реакции систем здравоохранения отдельных стран на предсказанную пандемию COVID 19. Медицина и организация здравоохранения. 2020; 5 (3): 4–12.

4. Pan W., Huang G., Shi Y., et al. COVID-19: short-term influence on China's economy considering different scenarios. Glob Chall. 2020; 5 (3): 2000090. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202000090.

5. Соколов Е.В., Костырин Е.В. Расходы и убытки государства и граждан России в борьбе с COVID-19 и необходимость возврата к нормальной жизни. Экономика и управление: проблемы, решения. 2020; 1 (7): 65–76.

6. Jin H., Wang H., Li X., et al. Economic burden of COVID-19, China, January-March, 2020: a cost-of-illness study. Bull World Health Organ. 2021; 99 (2): 112–24. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.267112.

7. Anser M.K., Sharif M., Khan M.A., et al. Demographic, psychological, and environmental factors affecting student's health during the COVID-19 pandemic: on the rocks. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021; 28: 31596–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12991-x.

8. Eilersen A., Sneppen K. Cost-benefit of limited isolation and testing in COVID-19 mitigation. Sci Rep. 2020; 10 (1): 18543. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75640-2.

9. Risko N., Werner K., Offorjebe O.A., et al. Cost-effectiveness and return on investment of protecting health workers in low- and middle income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (10): e0240503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240503.

10. Молочков А.В., Каратеев Д.Е., Огнева Е.Ю. и др. Коморбидные заболевания и прогнозирование исхода COVID-19: результаты наблюдения 13 585 больных, находившихся на стационарном лечении в больницах Московской области. Альманах клинической медицины. 2020; 48 (S1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2020-48-040.

11. Kouidere A., Youssoufi L.E., Ferjouchia H., et al. Optimal control of mathematical modeling of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic with highlighting the negative impact of quarantine on diabetics people with cost-effectiveness. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2021; 145: 110777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2021.110777.

12. Baggett T.P., Scott J.A., Le M.H., et al. Clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of strategies for adults experiencing sheltered homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3 (12): e2028195. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28195.

13. Hota S., Fried E., Burry L., et al. Preparing your intensive care unit for the second wave of H1N1 and future surges. Crit Care Med. 2010; 38 (4 Suppl.): e110–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c66940.

14. COVID19Surge: software to estimate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on hospital surge capacity (Beta test version). URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/covid19surge/COVID19Surge-Manual.pdf (дата обращения 28.05.2021).

15. Aziz S., Arabi Y.M., Alhazzani W., et al. Managing ICU surge during the COVID-19 crisis: rapid guidelines. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46: 1303–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06092-5.

16. Llorens P., Moreno-Pérez O., Espinosa B., et al. An integrated emergency department/hospital at home model in mild COVID-19 pneumonia: feasibility and outcomes after discharge from the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med. 2021; 16: 1673–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-021-02661-8.

17. Ding Q., Zhao H. Study on e-commerce logistics cost control methods in the context of COVID-19 prevention and control. Soft Comput. 2021; 25: 11955–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-05624-5.

18. Leonardi Vinci D., Meccio A., Provenzani A., et al. The European COVID-19 drugs calculation tool: an aid for the estimation of the drugs needed during the SARS-CoV 2 pandemic. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2021 Feb: ejhpharm-2020-002633. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002633.

19. Cleary S.M., Wilkinson T., Tamandjou Tchuem C.R., et al. Cost effectiveness of intensive care for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: experience from South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021; 21 (1): 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06081-4.

20. Gandjour A. How many intensive care beds are justifiable for hospital pandemic preparedness? A cost-effectiveness analysis for COVID-19 in Germany. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2021; 19 (2): 181–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-020-00632-2.

21. Anand N., Sabarinath A., Geetha S., Somanath S. Predicting the spread of COVID19 using SIR model augmented to incorporate quarantine and testing. Trans Indian Natl Acad Eng. 2020; 5: 141–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-020-00151-5.

22. Du Z., Pandey A., Bai Y., et al. Comparative cost-effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies in the USA: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2021; 6 (3): e184–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00002-5.

23. Jo Y., Jamieson L., Edoka I., et al. Cost-effectiveness of remdesivir and dexamethasone for COVID-19 treatment in South Africa. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021; 8 (3): ofab040. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab040.

24. Kerboua K.E. NLR: a cost-effective nomogram to guide therapeutic interventions in COVID-19. Immunol Invest. 2021; 50 (1): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2020.1773850.

25. Балыкова Л.А., Говоров А.В., Васильев А.О. и др. Особенности коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 и возможности раннего начала этиотропной терапии. Результаты клинического применения фавипиравира. Инфекционные болезни. 2020; 18 (3): 30–40. https://doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-3-30-40.

26. Мишинова С.А., Журавков А.А., Журавко В.К. Назначение официально не разрешенных к применению лекарственных средств и использование лекарственных средств с нарушением инструкции по применению: фокус на COVID-19. Качественная клиническая практика. 2020; S4: 120–9. https://doi.org/10.37489/2588-0519-2020-S4-120-129.

27. Шулакова О.А., Зырянов С.К., Гуревич К.Г. Использование лекарственных средств off label при лечении инфекции мочевыводящих путей у новорожденных. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2015; 78 (12): 36–40. https://doi.org/10.30906/0869-2092-2015-78-12-36-40.

28. Smoke S.M., Raja K., Hilden P., Daniel N.M. Early clinical outcomes with tocilizumab for severe COVID-19: a two-centre retrospective study. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021; 57 (2): 106265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106265.

29. Kulanthaivel S., Kaliberdenko V.B., Balasundaram K. Tocilizumab in Sars-CoV-2 patients with the syndrome of cytokine storm; a narrative review. Rev Recent Clin Trails. 2021; 16 (2): 138–45. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887115666200917110954.

30. Nasonov E., Samsonov M. The role of interleukin 6 inhibitors in therapy of severe COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020; 131: 110698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110698.

31. Tang Y., Liu J., Zhang D., et al. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: the current evidence and treatment strategies. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 1708. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708.

32. Kaye A.G., Siegel R. The efficacy of IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab in reducing severe COVID-19 mortality: a systematic review. Peer J. 2020; 8: e10322. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10322.

33. Boregowda U., Perisetti A., Nanjappa A., Gajendran M. Addition of tocilizumab to the standard of care reduces mortality in severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020; 7: 586221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.586221.

34. Uslu S. Effectiveness of tocilizumab in a COVID-19 patient with cytokine release syndrome. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2020; 7 (6): 001731. https://doi.org/10.12890/2020_001731.

35. Du P., Geng J., Wang F., et al. Role of IL-6 inhibitor in treatment of COVID-19-related cytokine release syndrome. Int J Med Sci. 2021; 18 (6): 1356–62. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.53564.

36. De Stefano L., Bobbio-Pallavicini F., Manzo A., et al. A “Window of Therapeutic Opportunity” for anti-cytokine therapy in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 572635. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572635.

37. Deckert A., Anders S., de Allegri M., et al. Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of four different strategies for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in the general population (CoV-Surv Study): a structured summary of a study protocol for a cluster-randomised, two-factorial controlled trial. Trials. 2021; 22 (1): 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04982-z.

38. Kouidere A., Kada D., Balatif O., et al. Optimal control approach of a mathematical modeling with multiple delays of the negative impact of delays in applying preventive precautions against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic with a case study of Brazil and cost-effectiveness. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2021; 142: 110438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110438.

39. ICU bed reserve capacity for COVID-19 cost effective in Germany. PharmacoEcon Outcomes News. 2021; 870 (1): 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40274-021-7413-9.

40. Swain K.C., Singha C. Low-cost technology for COVID-19 infection detection through smell loss test: an overview. Trop Biomed. 2020; 37 (3): 671–82. https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.37.3.671.

41. Durner J., Burggraf S., Czibere L., et al. Fast and cost-effective screening for SARS-CoV-2 variants in a routine diagnostic setting. Dent Mater. 2021; 37 (3): e95–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2021.01.015.

42. Agarwal R., Gupta E., Dubey S., et al. Pooled nasopharyngeal swab collection in a single vial for the diagnosis of SARS CoV-2 infection: an effective cost saving method. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2021; 39 (2): 231–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2020.11.002.

43. Neilan A.M., Losina E., Bangs A.C., et al. Clinical impact, costs, and cost-effectiveness of expanded SARS-CoV-2 testing in Massachusetts. Clin Infect Dis. 2020: ciaa1418. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1418.

44. Bagepally B.S., Haridoss M., Natarajan M., et al. Cost-effectiveness of surgical mask, N-95 respirator, hand-hygiene and surgical mask with hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19: cost effectiveness analysis from Indian context. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021; 10: 100702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100702.

45. Chaturvedi S., Gupta A., Krishnan S.V., Bhat A.K. Design, usage and review of a cost effective and innovative face shield in a tertiary care teaching hospital during COVID-19 pandemic. J Orthop. 2020; 21: 331–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2020.07.003.

46. Asamoah J.K., Owusu M.A., Jin Z., et al. Global stability and cost effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 considering the impact of the environment: using data from Ghana. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2020; 140: 110103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110103.

47. Ebigbo A., Römmele C., Bartenschlager C., et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention strategies including pre endoscopic virus testing and use of high risk personal protective equipment. Endoscopy. 2021; 53 (2): 156–61. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1294-0427.

48. Yu Y., Lau J.T., Lau M.M. Understanding the prevalence and associated factors of behavioral intention of COVID-19 vaccination under specific scenarios combining effectiveness, safety, and cost in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021 Jan 18. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.02.

49. COVID-19 vaccination predicted to be cost effective in USA. PharmacoEcon Outcomes News. 2021; 871 (1): 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40274-021-7448-y.

50. Kohli M., Maschio M., Becker D., Weinstein M.C. The potential public health and economic value of a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine in the United States: use of cost-effectiveness modeling to inform vaccination prioritization. Vaccine. 2021; 39 (7): 1157–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.078.

51. Sookaromdee P., Wiwanitkit V. New COVID-19 vaccines, its cost and shelf life: a cost effectiveness analysis. Arch Med Res. 2021; 52 (4): 453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.12.008.

52. Berry D.A., Berry S., Hale P., et al. A cost/benefit analysis of clinical trial designs for COVID-19 vaccine candidates. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (12): e0244418. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244418.

53. Gu T., Yao L., Meng X., et al. A cost-effective plan for global testing – an infection rate stratified, algorithm guided, multiple-level, continuously pooled testing strategy. Sci Total Environ. 2021; 765: 144251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144251.