farmaecFARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and PharmacoepidemiologyФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология2070-49092070-4933IRBIS LLC10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2023.171farmaec-799Research ArticleREVIEW ARTICLESОБЗОРНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИModern biomarkers of acute kidney injuryСовременные биомаркеры острого повреждения почекhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-0488КорабельниковД. И.KorabelnikovD. I.

Корабельников Даниил Иванович – к.м.н., профессор кафедры внутренних болезней, заведующий кафедрой профилактической медицины, ректор

ул. 2-я Брестская, д. 5, Москва 123056

Scopus Author ID: 7801382184

Daniil I. Korabelnikov – MD, PhD, Professor, Chair of Internal Diseases, Chief of Chair of Preventive Medicine, Rector

Scopus Author ID: 7801382184

5 Brestskaya Str., Moscow 123056

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-1050МагомедалиевМ. О.MagomedalievM. O.

Магомедалиев Магомедали Омарасхабович – ассистент кафедры хирургических болезней с курсами эндоскопии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии, акушерства и гинекологии; начальник отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии центра анестезиологии, реанимации и интенсивной терапии

ул. 2-я Брестская, д. 5, Москва 123056

(ул. Маштакова, д. 4, Подольск 142110

Magomedali O. Magomedaliev – MD, Assistant Professor, Chair of Surgical Diseases with Courses of Endoscopy, Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Obstetrics and Gynecology; Head of Intensive Care Unit, Center of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care

5 Brestskaya Str., Moscow 123056

4 Mashtakov Str., Podolsk 142110

magomedalim@mail.ruАвтономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования «Московский медико-социальный институт им. Ф.П. Гааза»РоссияMoscow Haass Medical Social InstituteRussian FederationАвтономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования «Московский медико-социальный институт им. Ф.П. Гааза»; Федеральное государственное казенное учреждение «1586 Военный клинический госпиталь» Министерства обороны Российской ФедерацииРоссияMoscow Haass Medical Social Institute; 1586 Military Clinical HospitaRussian Federation20232104202316187–104Copyright © Korabelnikov D.I., Magomedaliev M.O., 20232023Корабельников Д.И., Магомедалиев М.О.Korabelnikov D.I., Magomedaliev M.O.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/799

The results of published studies of modern biomarkers used in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) were summarized. The search was carried out in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, eLibrary databases. AKI occurs in 10–15% of all inpatients and 50% of intensive care patients, and affects economic aspects of treatment and rehabilitation. The literature review allowed to draw conclusions about the significant advantage of new AKI biomarkers (cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, β2-microglobulin, kidney injury molecule-1, fatty acid binding protein) over the conventional glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine and urinary volume. Serum creatinine increases only in cases when 50–60% of nephrons are damaged, urinary volume has limitations such as the overdiagnosis of AKI in dehydrated patients, the inability to assess based on a single measurement, and the need for regular and frequent follow-up. Modern biomarkers make it possible to verify renal dysfunction in advance, at the subclinical level. This allows to make a correction in the therapy of the underlying disease and initiate nephroprotection to prevent the development of AKI and the further development of multiple organ failure, which may be more effective than the treatment of already developed AKI. 

Обобщены результаты опубликованных исследований современных биомаркеров, используемых при диагностике острого повреждения почек (ОПП), которые содержатся в информационных базах PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, eLibrary. ОПП встречается у 10–15% стационарных пациентов и у 50% больных реанимационного профиля, оказывая влияние на медико-экономические аспекты лечения и реабилитации. Обзор литературы позволяет сделать выводы о значимом преимуществе новых биомаркеров ОПП (цистатин С, липокалин, ассоциированный с желатиназой нейтрофилов, β2-микроглобулин, молекула повреждения почек 1, белок, связывающий жирные кислоты) перед традиционными (скорость клубочковой фильтрации, содержание креатинина в сыворотке крови, объем мочи). Так, уровень креатинина увеличивается только при повреждении 50–60% нефронов, а объем мочи имеет ограничения, такие как гипердиагностика ОПП у дегидратированных больных, невозможность оценки на основании единичного измерения, а также необходимость в регулярном и частом динамическом контроле. Современные биомаркеры позволяют верифицировать почечную дисфункцию заблаговременно, на субклиническом уровне. Это дает возможность внести коррекцию в терапию основного заболевания и инициировать нефропротекцию для предупреждения развития ОПП и дальнейшего развития полиорганной недостаточности, что может быть более эффективным, чем лечение уже развившегося ОПП. 

Острое повреждение почекОППбиомаркерыцистатин Слипокалинассоциированный с желатиназой нейтрофиловNGALмолекула повреждения почек 1KIM-1β2-микроглобулинпеченочная форма белкасвязывающего жирные кислотыL-FABPAcute kidney injuryAKIbiomarkerscystatin Cneutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalinNGALkidney injury molecule 1KIM-1β2-microglobulinliver-type fatty acid binding proteinL-FABPАвторы выражают благодарность заслуженному врачу Российской Федерации, заведующему отделением гемодиализа ФГБУ «Главный военный клинический госпиталь им. академика Н.Н. Бурденко» Минобороны России, д.м.н. Сергею Евгеньевичу Хорошилову (г. Москва) за идею проведения настоящего обзора.ReferencesКостюченко А.Л. Экстракорпаральные методы в лечении острой почечной недостаточности. Эфферентная терапия. 1995; 1 (1): 24–30.Kostyuchenko A.L. Extracorporeal methods in the treatment of acute renal failure. Efferentnaya terapiya / Efferent Therapy. 1995; 1 (1): 24–30 (in Russ.).Hoste E.A.J., Kellum J.A., Selby N.M., et al. Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018; 14 (10): 607–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0052-0.Hoste E.A.J., Kellum J.A., Selby N.M., et al. Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018; 14 (10): 607– 25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0052-0.Ronco C., Bellomo R., Kellum J.A. Acute kidney injury. Lancet. 2019; 394 (10212): 1949–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32563-2.Ronco C., Bellomo R., Kellum J.A. Acute kidney injury. Lancet. 2019; 394 (10212): 1949–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32563-2.Корабельников Д.И., Коновалов П.П., Магомедалиев М.О., Хорошилов С.Е. Клинико-эпидемиологическая характеристика острого повреждения почек при тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии у лиц молодого возраста. Военно-медицинский журнал. 2022; 343 (12): 38–45. https://doi.org/10.52424/00269050_2022_343_12_38.Korabelnikov D.I., Konovalov P.P., Magomedaliev M.O., Khoroshilov S.E. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute renal irritation in case of severe community-acquired pneumonia in young people. Military Medical Journal. 2022; 343 (12): 38–45 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52424/00269050_2022_343_12_38.Магомедалиев М.О., Корабельников Д.И., Хорошилов С.Е. Острое повреждение почек при тяжелом течении пневмоний, ассоциированных с новой коронавирусной инфекцией (COVID-19). Вестник Российской Военно-медицинской академии. 2022; 24 (3) 511–20. https://doi.org/10.17816/brmma109938.Magomedaliev M.O., Korabelnikov D.I., Khoroshilov S.E. Acute kidney injury in severe pneumonia associated with COVID-19. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2022; 24 (3) 511–20 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17816/brmma109938.Samimagham H.R., Kheirkhah S., Haghighi A., Najmi Z. Acute kidney injury in intensive care unit: incidence, risk factors and mortality rate. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2011; 22 (3): 464–70.Samimagham H.R., Kheirkhah S., Haghighi A., Najmi Z. Acute kidney injury in intensive care unit: incidence, risk factors and mortality rate. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2011; 22 (3): 464–70.Jiang L., Zhu Y., Luo X., et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in intensive care units in Beijing: the multi-center BAKIT study. BMC Nephrol. 2019; 20 (1): 468. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1660-z.Jiang L., Zhu Y., Luo X., et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in intensive care units in Beijing: the multi-center BAKIT study. BMC Nephrol. 2019; 20 (1): 468. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1660-z.Malhotra R., Siew E.D. Biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017; 12 (1): 149–73. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01300216.Malhotra R., Siew E.D. Biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017; 12 (1): 149–73. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01300216.Pike F., Murugan R., Keener C., et al. Biomarker enhanced risk prediction for adverse outcomes in critically ill patients receiving RRT. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10 (8): 1332–9. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.09911014.Pike F., Murugan R., Keener C., et al. Biomarker enhanced risk prediction for adverse outcomes in critically ill patients receiving RRT. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10 (8): 1332–9. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.09911014.Murray P.T., Mehta R.L., Shaw A., et al. Potential use of biomarkers in acute kidney injury: report and summary of recommendations from the 10th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus conference. Kidney Int. 2014; 85 (3): 513–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.374.Murray P.T., Mehta R.L., Shaw A., et al. Potential use of biomarkers in acute kidney injury: report and summary of recommendations from the 10th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus conference. Kidney Int. 2014; 85 (3): 513–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.374.Wysocki J., Batlle D. Urinary angiotensinogen: a promising biomarker of AKI progression in acute decompensated heart failure: what does it mean? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 11 (9): 1515–7. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07780716.Wysocki J., Batlle D. Urinary angiotensinogen: a promising biomarker of AKI progression in acute decompensated heart failure: what does it mean? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 11 (9): 1515–7. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07780716.Parikh C.R., Abraham E., Ancukiewicz M., Edelstein C.L. Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16 (10): 3046–52. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005030236.Parikh C.R., Abraham E., Ancukiewicz M., Edelstein C.L. Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16 (10): 3046– 52. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005030236.Nejat M., Pickering J.W., Walker R.J., et al. Urinary cystatin C is diagnostic of acute kidney injury and sepsis, and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2010; 14 (3): R85. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9014.Nejat M., Pickering J.W., Walker R.J., et al. Urinary cystatin C is diagnostic of acute kidney injury and sepsis, and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2010; 14 (3): R85. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9014.Kashani K., Cheungpasitporn W., Ronco C. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury: the pathway from discovery to clinical adoption. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017; 55 (8): 1074–89. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm2016-0973.Kashani K., Cheungpasitporn W., Ronco C. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury: the pathway from discovery to clinical adoption. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017; 55 (8): 1074–89. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm2016-0973.Tesch G.H. Review: serum and urine biomarkers of kidney disease: a pathophysiological perspective. Nephrology. 2010; 15 (6): 609–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01361.x.Tesch G.H. Review: serum and urine biomarkers of kidney disease: a pathophysiological perspective. Nephrology. 2010; 15 (6): 609–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01361.x.Уразаева Л.И., Максудова А.Н. Биомаркеры раннего повреждения почек: обзор литературы. Практическая медицина. 2014; 1 (4): 125–30.Urazayeva L.I., Maksudova A.N. Biomarkers of early renal injury: review of literature. Practical Medicine. 2014; 1 (4): 125–30 (in Russ.).Waring W.S., Moonie A. Earlier recognition of nephrotoxicity using novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Clin Toxicol. 2011; 49 (8): 720–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.615319.Waring W.S., Moonie A. Earlier recognition of nephrotoxicity using novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Clin Toxicol. 2011; 49 (8): 720–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.615319.Oh D. A long journey for acute kidney injury biomarkers. Ren Fail. 2020; 42 (1): 154–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2020.1721300.Oh D. A long journey for acute kidney injury biomarkers. Ren Fail. 2020; 42 (1): 154–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2020.1721300.Bonventre J.V., Vaidya V.S., Schmouder R., et al. Next-generation biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity. Nat Biotechnol. 2010; 28 (5): 436–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0510-436.Bonventre J.V., Vaidya V.S., Schmouder R., et al. Next-generation biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity. Nat Biotechnol. 2010; 28 (5): 436–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0510-436.Peake M., Whiting M. Measurement of serum creatinine – current status and future goals. Clin Biochem Rev. 2006; 27 (4): 173–84.Peake M., Whiting M. Measurement of serum creatinine – current status and future goals. Clin Biochem Rev. 2006; 27 (4): 173–84.Острое повреждение почек: основные принципы диагностики, профилактики и терапии. Национальные рекомендации. URL: https://library.mededtech.ru/rest/documents/nonr_19/ (дата обращения 10.02.2023).Acute kidney injury: basic principles of diagnosis, prevention and therapy. National guidelines. Available at: https://library.mededtech.ru/rest/documents/nonr_19/ (in Russ.) (accessed 10.02.2023).Stevens L.A., Levey A.S. Measurement of kidney function. Med Clin North Am. 2005; 89 (3): 457–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.11.009.Stevens L.A., Levey A.S. Measurement of kidney function. Med Clin North Am. 2005; 89 (3): 457–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.11.009.Смирнов А.В., Каюков И.Г., Добронравов В.А., Румянцев А.Ш. Острое повреждение почек: концептуальные проблемы. Нефрология. 2014; 18 (2): 8–24.Smirnov A.V., Kayukov I.G., Dobronravov V.A., Rumyantsev A.Sh. Acute kidney injury: conceptual problems. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg). 2014; 18 (2): 8–24 (in Russ.).Bellomo R., Ronco C., Kellum J.A., et al. Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004; 8 (4): R204–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc2872.Bellomo R., Ronco C., Kellum J.A., et al. Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004; 8 (4): R204–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc2872.Parikh C.R., Coca S.G., Thiessen-Philbrook H., et al. Postoperative biomarkers predict acute kidney injury and poor outcomes after adult cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 22 (9): 1748–57. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010121302.Parikh C.R., Coca S.G., Thiessen-Philbrook H., et al. Postoperative biomarkers predict acute kidney injury and poor outcomes after adult cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 22 (9): 1748–57. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010121302.Магомедалиев М.О., Корабельников Д.И., Хорошилов С.Е. Острое повреждение почек при пневмонии. Российский медико-социальный журнал. 2019; 1 (1): 59–73. https://doi.org/10.35571/RMSJ.2019.1.006.Magomedaliev M.O., Korabelnikov D.I., Khoroshilov S.E. Acute kidney injury in patients with pneumonia. Russian Medical and Social Journal. 2019; 1 (1): 59–73 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.35571/RMSJ.2019.1.006.Chertow G.M., Burdick E., Honour M., et al. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16 (11): 3365–70. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2004090740.Chertow G.M., Burdick E., Honour M., et al. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16 (11): 3365–70. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2004090740.Silver S.A., Long J., Zheng Y., Chertow G.M. Cost of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients. J Hosp Med. 2017; 12 (2): 70–6. https://doi.org/10.12788/jhm.2683.Silver S.A., Long J., Zheng Y., Chertow G.M. Cost of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients. J Hosp Med. 2017; 12 (2): 70–6. https://doi.org/10.12788/jhm.2683.Collister D., Pannu N., Ye F., et al. Health care costs associated with AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017; 12 (11): 1733–43. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00950117.Collister D., Pannu N., Ye F., et al. Health care costs associated with AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017; 12 (11): 1733–43. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00950117.Aubry P., Brillet G., Catella L., et al. Outcomes, risk factors and health burden of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: an observational study of one million hospitalizations with image-guided cardiovascular procedures. BMC Nephrol. 2016; 17 (1): 167. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0385-5.Aubry P., Brillet G., Catella L., et al. Outcomes, risk factors and health burden of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: an observational study of one million hospitalizations with image-guided cardiovascular procedures. BMC Nephrol. 2016; 17 (1): 167. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0385-5.Suh K., Kellum J.A., Kane-Gill S.L. A systematic review of costeffectiveness analyses across the acute kidney injury landscape. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2021; 21 (4): 571–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2021.1882307.Suh K., Kellum J.A., Kane-Gill S.L. A systematic review of cost-effectiveness analyses across the acute kidney injury landscape. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2021; 21 (4): 571–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2021.1882307.Petrovic S., Bogavac-Stanojevic N., Lakic D., et al. Costeffectiveness analysis of acute kidney injury biomarkers in pediatric cardiac surgery. Biochem Medica. 2015; 25 (2): 262–71. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.027.Petrovic S., Bogavac-Stanojevic N., Lakic D., et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of acute kidney injury biomarkers in pediatric cardiac surgery. Biochem Medica. 2015; 25 (2): 262–71. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.027.Jacobsen E., Sawhney S., Brazzelli M., et al. Cost-effectiveness and value of information analysis of NephroCheck and NGAL tests compared to standard care for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. BMC Nephrol. 2021; 22 (1): 399. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02610-9.Jacobsen E., Sawhney S., Brazzelli M., et al. Cost-effectiveness and value of information analysis of NephroCheck and NGAL tests compared to standard care for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. BMC Nephrol. 2021; 22 (1): 399. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02610-9.Grubb A. Diagnostic value of analysis of cystatin C and protein HC in biological fluids. Clin Nephrol. 1992; 38 (Suppl. 1): S20–7.Grubb A. Diagnostic value of analysis of cystatin C and protein HC in biological fluids. Clin Nephrol. 1992; 38 (Suppl. 1): S20–7.Langlois V. Laboratory evaluation at different ages. В кн.: Geary D.F., Schaefer F. (ред.) Comprehensive pediatric nephrology. Elsevier; 2008: 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-04883-5.50008-8.Langlois V. Laboratory evaluation at different ages. In: Geary D.F., Schaefer F. (Eds.) Comprehensive pediatric nephrology. Elsevier; 2008: 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-04883-5.50008-8.Tonnelle C., Colle A., Fougereau M., Manuel Y. Partial amino acid sequence of two forms of human Post-γ-globulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979; 86 (3): 613–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(79)91757-1.Tonnelle C., Colle A., Fougereau M., Manuel Y. Partial amino acid sequence of two forms of human Post-γ-globulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979; 86 (3): 613–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(79)91757-1.Abrahamson M., Alvarez-Fernandez M., Nathanson C.M. Cystatins. Biochem Soc Symp. 2003; 70: 179–99. https://doi.org/10.1042/bss0700179.Abrahamson M., Alvarez-Fernandez M., Nathanson C.M. Cystatins. Biochem Soc Symp. 2003; 70: 179–99. https://doi.org/10.1042/bss0700179.Mussap M., Plebani M. Biochemistry and сlinical role of human сystatin C. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2004; 41 (5–6): 467–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408360490504934.Mussap M., Plebani M. Biochemistry and сlinical role of human сystatin C. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2004; 41 (5–6): 467–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408360490504934.Hall A., Håkansson K., Mason R.W., et al. Structural basis for the biological specificity of cystatin C. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270 (10): 5115–21. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.10.5115.Hall A., Håkansson K., Mason R.W., et al. Structural basis for the biological specificity of cystatin C. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270 (10): 5115–21. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.10.5115.Rawlings N.D., Barrett A.J. Evolution of proteins of the cystatin superfamily. J Mol Evol. 1990; 30 (1): 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02102453.Rawlings N.D., Barrett A.J. Evolution of proteins of the cystatin superfamily. J Mol Evol. 1990; 30 (1): 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02102453.Brown W.M., Dziegielewska K.M. Friends and relations of the cystatin superfamily-new members and their evolution. Protein Sci. 2008; 6 (1): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560060102.Brown W.M., Dziegielewska K.M. Friends and relations of the cystatin superfamily-new members and their evolution. Protein Sci. 2008; 6 (1): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560060102.Stevens L.A., Coresh J., Greene T., Levey A.S. Assessing kidney function – measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354 (23): 2473–83. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra054415.Stevens L.A., Coresh J., Greene T., Levey A.S. Assessing kidney function – measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354 (23): 2473–83. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra054415.Laterza O.F., Price C.P., Scott M.G. Cystatin C: an improved estimator of glomerular filtration rate? Clin Chem. 2002; 48 (5): 699–707.Laterza O.F., Price C.P., Scott M.G. Cystatin C: an improved estimator of glomerular filtration rate? Clin Chem. 2002; 48 (5): 699–707.Каюков И.Г., Смирнов А.В., Эмануэль В.Л. Цистатин С в современной медицине. Нефрология. 2012; 16 (1): 22–39.Kayukov I.G., Smirnov A.V., Emanuel V.L. Cystatin C in current medicine. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg). 2012; 16 (1): 22–39 (in Russ.).Rodrigo E., De Francisco A.L.M., Escallada R., et al. Measurement of renal function in pre-ESRD patients. Kidney Int. 2002; 61: S11–7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.61.s80.4.x.Rodrigo E., De Francisco A.L.M., Escallada R., et al. Measurement of renal function in pre-ESRD patients. Kidney Int. 2002; 61: S11–7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.61.s80.4.x.Löfberg H., Grubb A.O. Quantitation of γ-trace in human biological fluids: indications for production in the central nervous system. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1979; 39 (7): 619–26. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365517909108866.Löfberg H., Grubb A.O. Quantitation of γ-trace in human biological fluids: indications for production in the central nervous system. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1979; 39 (7): 619–26. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365517909108866.Randers E., Kristensen H., Erlandsen E., Danielsen S. Serum cystatin C as a marker of the renal function. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1998; 58 (7): 585–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365519850186210.Randers E., Kristensen H., Erlandsen E., Danielsen S. Serum cystatin C as a marker of the renal function. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1998; 58 (7): 585–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365519850186210.Yang M., Zou Y., Lu T., et al. Revised equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C in China. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2019; 44 (4): 553–64. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500460.Yang M., Zou Y., Lu T., et al. Revised equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C in China. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2019; 44 (4): 553–64. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500460.Division R., Hospital M.G. Factors influencing serum cystatin C levels other than renal function and the impact on renal function measurement. Kidney Int. 2004; 65 (4): 1416–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00517.x.Division R., Hospital M.G. Factors influencing serum cystatin C levels other than renal function and the impact on renal function measurement. Kidney Int. 2004; 65 (4): 1416–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00517.x.Köttgen A., Selvin E., Stevens L.A., et al. Serum cystatin C in the United States : the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 51 (3): 385–94. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.019.Köttgen A., Selvin E., Stevens L.A., et al. Serum cystatin C in the United States : the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 51 (3): 385–94. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.019.He M., Ke P., Chen W., et al. Clinical correlates and reference intervals for cystatin C in a Han population from Southeast China. Clin Lab. 2017; 63 (3): 607–15. https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2016.160807.He M., Ke P., Chen W., et al. Clinical correlates and reference intervals for cystatin C in a Han population from Southeast China. Clin Lab. 2017; 63 (3): 607–15. https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2016.160807.Ichihara K., Saito K., Itoh Y. Sources of variation and reference intervals for serum cystatin C in a healthy Japanese adult population. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007; 45 (9): 1232–6. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2007.504.Ichihara K., Saito K., Itoh Y. Sources of variation and reference intervals for serum cystatin C in a healthy Japanese adult population. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007; 45 (9): 1232–6. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2007.504.Dharnidharka V.R., Kwon C., Stevens G. Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40 (2): 221–6. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34487.Dharnidharka V.R., Kwon C., Stevens G. Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40 (2): 221–6. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34487.Bagshaw S.M., Bellomo R. Cystatin C in acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010; 16 (6): 533–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833e8412.Bagshaw S.M., Bellomo R. Cystatin C in acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010; 16 (6): 533–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833e8412.Roos J.F., Doust J., Tett S.E., Kirkpatrick C.M.J. Diagnostic accuracy of cystatin C compared to serum creatinine for the estimation of renal dysfunction in adults and children – a meta-analysis. Clin Biochem. 2007; 40 (5–6): 383–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.10.026.Roos J.F., Doust J., Tett S.E., Kirkpatrick C.M.J. Diagnostic accuracy of cystatin C compared to serum creatinine for the estimation of renal dysfunction in adults and children – a meta-analysis. Clin Biochem. 2007; 40 (5–6): 383–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.10.026.Turk V., Stoka V., Turk D. Cystatins: biochemical and structural properties, and medical relevance. Front Biosci. 2008; 13: 5406–20. https://doi.org/10.2741/3089.Turk V., Stoka V., Turk D. Cystatins: biochemical and structural properties, and medical relevance. Front Biosci. 2008; 13: 5406–20. https://doi.org/10.2741/3089.Herget-Rosenthal S., Marggraf G., Hüsing J., et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int. 2004; 66 (3): 1115–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00861.x.Herget-Rosenthal S., Marggraf G., Hüsing J., et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int. 2004; 66 (3): 1115–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00861.x.Koyner J.L., Bennett M.R., Worcester E.M., et al. Urinary cystatin C as an early biomarker of acute kidney injury following adult cardiothoracic surgery. Kidney Int. 2008; 74 (8): 1059–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.341.Koyner J.L., Bennett M.R., Worcester E.M., et al. Urinary cystatin C as an early biomarker of acute kidney injury following adult cardiothoracic surgery. Kidney Int. 2008; 74 (8): 1059–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.341.Doi K., Nishida O., Shigematsu T., et al. The Japanese clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury 2016. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2018; 22 (5): 985–1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-018-1600-4.Doi K., Nishida O., Shigematsu T., et al. The Japanese clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury 2016. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2018; 22 (5): 985–1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-018-1600-4.Ronco C., Haapio M., House A.A., et al. Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52 (19): 1527–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.051.Ronco C., Haapio M., House A.A., et al. Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52 (19): 1527–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.051.Levey A.S., De Jong P.E., Coresh J., et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011; 80 (1): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.483.Levey A.S., De Jong P.E., Coresh J., et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011; 80 (1): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.483.Vanholder R., Massy Z., Argiles A., et al. Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005; 20 (6): 1048–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfh813.Vanholder R., Massy Z., Argiles A., et al. Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005; 20 (6): 1048–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfh813.Yang S., Song L., Zhao L., et al. Predictive value of cystatin C in people with suspected or established coronary artery disease: a metaanalysis. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 263: 60–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.025.Yang S., Song L., Zhao L., et al. Predictive value of cystatin C in people with suspected or established coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 263: 60–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.025.Tuominen T., Jämsä T., Oksanen J., et al. Composite implant composed of hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenetic protein in the healing of a canine ulnar defect. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 2001; 90 (1): 32–6.Tuominen T., Jämsä T., Oksanen J., et al. Composite implant composed of hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenetic protein in the healing of a canine ulnar defect. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 2001; 90 (1): 32–6.Taleb S., Lacasa D., Bastard J.P., et al. Cathepsin S, a novel biomarker of adiposity: relevance to atherogenesis. FASEB J. 2005; 19 (11): 1540–2. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.05-3673fje.Taleb S., Lacasa D., Bastard J.P., et al. Cathepsin S, a novel biomarker of adiposity: relevance to atherogenesis. FASEB J. 2005; 19 (11): 1540–2. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.05-3673fje.Correa S., Morrow D.A., Braunwald E., et al. Cystatin C for risk stratification in patients after an acute coronary syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7 (20): e009077. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009077.Correa S., Morrow D.A., Braunwald E., et al. Cystatin C for risk stratification in patients after an acute coronary syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7 (20): e009077. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009077.Hoke M., Amighi J., Mlekusch W., et al. Cystatin C and the risk for cardiovascular events in patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2010; 41 (4): 674–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.573162.Hoke M., Amighi J., Mlekusch W., et al. Cystatin C and the risk for cardiovascular events in patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2010; 41 (4): 674–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.573162.Mao Q., Zhao N., Wang Y., et al. Association of cystatin C with metabolic syndrome and its prognostic performance in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome with preserved renal function. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/854140269.Mao Q., Zhao N., Wang Y., et al. Association of cystatin C with metabolic syndrome and its prognostic performance in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome with preserved renal function. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/854140269.Patschan D., Müller G.A. Acute kidney injury in diabetes mellitus. Int J Nephrol. 2016; 2016: 6232909. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6232909.Patschan D., Müller G.A. Acute kidney injury in diabetes mellitus. Int J Nephrol. 2016; 2016: 6232909. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6232909.Deng Y., Wang L., Hou Y., et al. The influence of glycemic status on the performance of cystatin C for acute kidney injury detection in the critically ill. Ren Fail. 2019; 41 (1): 139–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2019.1586722.Deng Y., Wang L., Hou Y., et al. The influence of glycemic status on the performance of cystatin C for acute kidney injury detection in the critically ill. Ren Fail. 2019; 41 (1): 139–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2019.1586722.Naour N., Fellahi S., Renucci J.F., et al. Potential contribution of adipose tissue to elevated serum cystatin C in human obesity. Obesity. 2009; 17 (12): 2121–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.96.Naour N., Fellahi S., Renucci J.F., et al. Potential contribution of adipose tissue to elevated serum cystatin C in human obesity. Obesity. 2009; 17 (12): 2121–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.96.Garcia-Carretero R., Vigil-Medina L., Barquero-Perez O., et al. Cystatin C as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a hypertensive population. J Hum Hypertens. 2017; 31 (12): 801–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2017.68.Garcia-Carretero R., Vigil-Medina L., Barquero-Perez O., et al. Cystatin C as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a hypertensive population. J Hum Hypertens. 2017; 31 (12): 801–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2017.68.Benoit S.W., Ciccia E.A., Devarajan P. Cystatin C as a biomarker of chronic kidney disease: latest developments. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2020; 20 (10): 1019–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2020.1768849.Benoit S.W., Ciccia E.A., Devarajan P. Cystatin C as a biomarker of chronic kidney disease: latest developments. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2020; 20 (10): 1019–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2020.1768849.Zhang W., Zhang T., Ding D., et al. Use of both serum cystatin C and creatinine as diagnostic criteria for contrast-induced acute kidney injury and its clinical implications. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6 (1): e004747. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004747.Zhang W., Zhang T., Ding D., et al. Use of both serum cystatin C and creatinine as diagnostic criteria for contrast-induced acute kidney injury and its clinical implications. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6 (1): e004747. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004747.Zinellu A., Mangoni A.A. Cystatin C, COVID-19 severity and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2022; 35 (1): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-021-01139-2.Zinellu A., Mangoni A.A. Cystatin C, COVID-19 severity and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2022; 35 (1): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-021-01139-2.Cowland J.B., Borregaard N. Molecular characterization and pattern of tissue expression of the gene for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin from humans. Genomics. 1997; 45 (1): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1997.4896.Cowland J.B., Borregaard N. Molecular characterization and pattern of tissue expression of the gene for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin from humans. Genomics. 1997; 45 (1): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1997.4896.Kjeldsen L., Johnsen A.H., Sengeløv H., Borregaard N. Isolation and primary structure of NGAL, a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268 (14): 10425–32.Kjeldsen L., Johnsen A.H., Sengeløv H., Borregaard N. Isolation and primary structure of NGAL, a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268 (14): 10425–32.Xu S.Y., Pauksen K., Venge P. Serum measurements of human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) discriminate between acute bacterial and viral infections. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1995; 55 (2): 125–31. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365519509089604.Xu S.Y., Pauksen K., Venge P. Serum measurements of human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) discriminate between acute bacterial and viral infections. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1995; 55 (2): 125–31. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365519509089604.Nasioudis D., Witkin S.S. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and innate immune responses to bacterial infections. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015; 204 (4): 471–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-015-0394-1.Nasioudis D., Witkin S.S. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and innate immune responses to bacterial infections. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015; 204 (4): 471–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-015-0394-1.Schmidt-Ott K.M., Mori K., Li J.Y., et al. Dual action of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18 (2): 407–13. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006080882.Schmidt-Ott K.M., Mori K., Li J.Y., et al. Dual action of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18 (2): 407–13. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006080882.Mishra J. Amelioration of ischemic acute renal injury by neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004; 15 (12): 3073–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000145013.44578.45.Mishra J. Amelioration of ischemic acute renal injury by neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004; 15 (12): 3073–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000145013.44578.45.Goetz D.H., Holmes M.A., Borregaard N., et al. The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophoremediated iron acquisition. Mol Cell. 2002; 10 (5): 1033–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00708-6.Goetz D.H., Holmes M.A., Borregaard N., et al. The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophoremediated iron acquisition. Mol Cell. 2002; 10 (5): 1033–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00708-6.Roudkenar M.H., Halabian R., Bahmani P., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin: a new antioxidant that exerts its cytoprotective effect independent on Heme Oxygenase-1. Free Radic Res. 2011; 45 (7): 810–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2011.581279.Roudkenar M.H., Halabian R., Bahmani P., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin: a new antioxidant that exerts its cytoprotective effect independent on Heme Oxygenase-1. Free Radic Res. 2011; 45 (7): 810–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2011.581279.Haase-Fielitz A., Haase M., Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin as a biomarker of acute kidney injury: a critical evaluation of current status. Ann Clin Biochem. 2014; 51 (Pt. 3): 335–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563214521795.Haase-Fielitz A., Haase M., Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin as a biomarker of acute kidney injury: a critical evaluation of current status. Ann Clin Biochem. 2014; 51 (Pt. 3): 335–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563214521795.Schrezenmeier E.V., Barasch J., Budde K., et al. Biomarkers in acute kidney injury – pathophysiological basis and clinical performance. Acta Physiol. 2017; 219 (3): 556–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12764.Schrezenmeier E.V., Barasch J., Budde K., et al. Biomarkers in acute kidney injury – pathophysiological basis and clinical performance. Acta Physiol. 2017; 219 (3): 556–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12764.Mori K., Lee H.T., Rapoport D., et al. Endocytic delivery of lipocalinsiderophore-iron complex rescues the kidney from ischemiareperfusion injury. J Clin Invest. 2005; 115 (3): 610–21. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23056.Mori K., Lee H.T., Rapoport D., et al. Endocytic delivery of lipocalinsiderophore-iron complex rescues the kidney from ischemiareperfusion injury. J Clin Invest. 2005; 115 (3): 610–21. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23056.Andreucci M., Faga T., Riccio E., et al. The potential use of biomarkers in predicting contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2016; 9: 205–21. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S105124.Andreucci M., Faga T., Riccio E., et al. The potential use of biomarkers in predicting contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2016; 9: 205–21. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S105124.Kokkoris S., Pipili C., Grapsa E., et al. Novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury in the general adult ICU: a review. Ren Fail. 2013; 35 (4): 579–91. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2013.773835.Kokkoris S., Pipili C., Grapsa E., et al. Novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury in the general adult ICU: a review. Ren Fail. 2013; 35 (4): 579–91. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2013.773835.Schmidt-Ott K.M., Mori K., Kalandadze A., et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-mediated iron traffic in kidney epithelia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2006; 15 (4): 442–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000232886.81142.58.Schmidt-Ott K.M., Mori K., Kalandadze A., et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-mediated iron traffic in kidney epithelia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2006; 15 (4): 442–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000232886.81142.58.Singer E., Markó L., Paragas N., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin: pathophysiology and clinical applications. Acta Physiol. 2013; 207 (4): 663–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12054.Singer E., Markó L., Paragas N., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin: pathophysiology and clinical applications. Acta Physiol. 2013; 207 (4): 663–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12054.Mishra J. Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14 (10): 2534–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000088027.54400.C6.Mishra J. Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14 (10): 2534–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000088027.54400.C6.de Geus H.R.H., Bakker J., Lesaffre E.M., le Noble J.L. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at ICU admission predicts for acute kidney injury in adult patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 183 (7): 907–14. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200908-1214OC.de Geus H.R.H., Bakker J., Lesaffre E.M., le Noble J.L. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at ICU admission predicts for acute kidney injury in adult patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 183 (7): 907–14. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200908-1214OC.Siew E.D., Ware L.B., Gebretsadik T., et al. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin moderately predicts acute kidney injury in critically ill adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 20 (8): 1823–32. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2008070673.Siew E.D., Ware L.B., Gebretsadik T., et al. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin moderately predicts acute kidney injury in critically ill adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 20 (8): 1823–32. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2008070673.Hang C.C., Yang J., Wang S., et al. Evaluation of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in predicting acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. J Int Med Res. 2017; 45 (3): 1231–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060517709199.Hang C.C., Yang J., Wang S., et al. Evaluation of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in predicting acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. J Int Med Res. 2017; 45 (3): 1231–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060517709199.Poston J.T., Koyner J.L. Sepsis associated acute kidney injury. BMJ. 2019; 364: k4891. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4891.Poston J.T., Koyner J.L. Sepsis associated acute kidney injury. BMJ. 2019; 364: k4891. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4891.Bagshaw S.M., Bennett M., Haase M., et al. Plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in septic versus non-septic acute kidney injury in critical illness. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36 (3): 452–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-009-1724-9.Bagshaw S.M., Bennett M., Haase M., et al. Plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in septic versus non-septic acute kidney injury in critical illness. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36 (3): 452–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-009-1724-9.Levy M.M., Fink M.P., Marshall J.C., et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31 (4): 1250–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B.Levy M.M., Fink M.P., Marshall J.C., et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31 (4): 1250–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B.Kellum J.A., Lameire N., Aspelin P., et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 (1): 1–126.Kellum J.A., Lameire N., Aspelin P., et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 (1): 1–126.Dai X., Zeng Z., Fu C., et al. Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2015; 19 (1): 223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0941-6.Dai X., Zeng Z., Fu C., et al. Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2015; 19 (1): 223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0941-6.Zhang A., Cai Y., Wang P.F., et al. Diagnosis and prognosis of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for acute kidney injury with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016; 20 (1): 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1212-x.Zhang A., Cai Y., Wang P.F., et al. Diagnosis and prognosis of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for acute kidney injury with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016; 20 (1): 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1212-x.Mishra J., Dent C., Tarabishi R., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9466): 1231–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74811-X.Mishra J., Dent C., Tarabishi R., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9466): 1231–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74811-X.Dent C.L., Ma Q., Dastrala S., et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin predicts acute kidney injury, morbidity and mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective uncontrolled cohort study. Crit Care. 2007; 11 (6): R127. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc6192.Dent C.L., Ma Q., Dastrala S., et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin predicts acute kidney injury, morbidity and mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective uncontrolled cohort study. Crit Care. 2007; 11 (6): R127. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc6192.Wu B., Chen J., Yang Y. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a narrative review. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 7298635. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7298635.Wu B., Chen J., Yang Y. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a narrative review. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 7298635. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7298635.Bennett M., Dent C.L., Ma Q., et al. Urine NGAL predicts severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 3 (3): 665–73. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04010907.Bennett M., Dent C.L., Ma Q., et al. Urine NGAL predicts severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 3 (3): 665–73. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04010907.Aghel A., Shrestha K., Mullens W., et al. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in predicting worsening renal function in acute decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail. 2010; 16 (1): 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.07.003.Aghel A., Shrestha K., Mullens W., et al. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in predicting worsening renal function in acute decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail. 2010; 16 (1): 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.07.003.Cruz D.N., de Cal M., Garzotto F., et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early biomarker for acute kidney injury in an adult ICU population. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36 (3): 444–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-009-1711-1.Cruz D.N., de Cal M., Garzotto F., et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early biomarker for acute kidney injury in an adult ICU population. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36 (3): 444–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-009-1711-1.Hjortrup P.B., Haase N., Wetterslev M., Perner A. Clinical review: predictive value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for acute kidney injury in intensive care patients. Crit Care. 2013; 17 (2): 211. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc11855.Hjortrup P.B., Haase N., Wetterslev M., Perner A. Clinical review: predictive value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for acute kidney injury in intensive care patients. Crit Care. 2013; 17 (2): 211. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc11855.Legrand M., Darmon M., Joannidis M. NGAL and AKI: the end of a myth? Intensive Care Med. 2013; 39 (10): 1861–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-013-3061-2.Legrand M., Darmon M., Joannidis M. NGAL and AKI: the end of a myth? Intensive Care Med. 2013; 39 (10): 1861–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-013-3061-2.Mårtensson J., Bell M., Oldner A., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin in adult septic patients with and without acute kidney injury. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36 (8): 1333–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-010-1887-4.Mårtensson J., Bell M., Oldner A., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin in adult septic patients with and without acute kidney injury. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36 (8): 1333–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-010-1887-4.Eagan T.M., Damås J.K., Ueland T., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin. Chest. 2010; 138 (4): 888–95. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2718.Eagan T.M., Damås J.K., Ueland T., et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin. Chest. 2010; 138 (4): 888–95. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2718.Haase M., Bellomo R., Devarajan P., et al. Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 54 (6): 1012–4. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.07.020.Haase M., Bellomo R., Devarajan P., et al. Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 54 (6): 1012–4. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.07.020.McIlroy D.R., Wagener G., Lee H.T. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: the effect of baseline renal function on diagnostic performance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5 (2): 211–9. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04240609.McIlroy D.R., Wagener G., Lee H.T. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: the effect of baseline renal function on diagnostic performance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5 (2): 211–9. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04240609.Glassford N.J., Schneider A.G., Xu S., et al. The nature and discriminatory value of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury. Intensive Care Med. 2013; 39 (10): 1714–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-013-3040-7.Glassford N.J., Schneider A.G., Xu S., et al. The nature and discriminatory value of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury. Intensive Care Med. 2013; 39 (10): 1714–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-013-3040-7.Darmon M., Gonzalez F., Vincent F. Limits of neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin at intensive care unit admission for prediction of acute kidney injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 184 (1): 142–3. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.184.1.142a.Darmon M., Gonzalez F., Vincent F. Limits of neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin at intensive care unit admission for prediction of acute kidney injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 184 (1): 142–3. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.184.1.142a.Ichimura T., Bonventre J.V., Bailly V., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a putative epithelial cell adhesion molecule containing a novel immunoglobulin domain, is up-regulated in renal cells after injury. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273 (7): 4135–42. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.7.4135.Ichimura T., Bonventre J.V., Bailly V., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a putative epithelial cell adhesion molecule containing a novel immunoglobulin domain, is up-regulated in renal cells after injury. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273 (7): 4135–42. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.7.4135.Ichimura T., Asseldonk E.J., Humphreys B.D., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that confers a phagocytic phenotype on epithelial cells. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118 (5): 1657–68. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI34487.Ichimura T., Asseldonk E.J., Humphreys B.D., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that confers a phagocytic phenotype on epithelial cells. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118 (5): 1657–68. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI34487.Bonventre J.V. Dedifferentiation and proliferation of surviving epithelial cells in acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14 (Suppl. 1): S55–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000067652.51441.21.Bonventre J.V. Dedifferentiation and proliferation of surviving epithelial cells in acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14 (Suppl. 1): S55–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000067652.51441.21.Shao X., Tian L., Xu W., et al. Diagnostic value of urinary kidney injury molecule 1 for acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (1): e84131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084131.Shao X., Tian L., Xu W., et al. Diagnostic value of urinary kidney injury molecule 1 for acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (1): e84131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084131.Xie Y., Wang Q., Wang C., et al. High urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 predicts adverse outcomes in acute kidney injury: a case control study. Crit Care. 2016; 20 (1): 286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1455-6.Xie Y., Wang Q., Wang C., et al. High urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 predicts adverse outcomes in acute kidney injury: a case control study. Crit Care. 2016; 20 (1): 286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1455-6.Tian L., Shao X., Xie Y., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 is elevated in nephropathy and mediates macrophage activation via the Mapk signalling pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017; 41 (2): 769–83. https://doi.org/10.1159/000458737.Tian L., Shao X., Xie Y., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 is elevated in nephropathy and mediates macrophage activation via the Mapk signalling pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017; 41 (2): 769–83. https://doi.org/10.1159/000458737.Yin C., Wang N. Kidney injury molecule-1 in kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2016; 38 (10): 1567–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2016.1193816.Yin C., Wang N. Kidney injury molecule-1 in kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2016; 38 (10): 1567–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2016.1193816.Dieterle F., Sistare F., Goodsaid F., et al. Renal biomarker qualification submission: a dialog between the FDA-EMEA and Predictive Safety Testing Consortium. Nat Biotechnol. 2010; 28 (5): 455–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1625.Dieterle F., Sistare F., Goodsaid F., et al. Renal biomarker qualification submission: a dialog between the FDA-EMEA and Predictive Safety Testing Consortium. Nat Biotechnol. 2010; 28 (5): 455–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1625.van Timmeren M.M., van den Heuvel M.C., Bailly V., et al. Tubular kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in human renal disease. J Pathol. 2007; 212 (2): 209–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2175.van Timmeren M.M., van den Heuvel M.C., Bailly V., et al. Tubular kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in human renal disease. J Pathol. 2007; 212 (2): 209–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2175.Tu Y., Wang H., Sun R., et al. Urinary netrin-1 and KIM-1 as early biomarkers for septic acute kidney injury. Ren Fail. 2014; 36 (10): 1559–63. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2014.949764.Tu Y., Wang H., Sun R., et al. Urinary netrin-1 and KIM-1 as early biomarkers for septic acute kidney injury. Ren Fail. 2014; 36 (10): 1559–63. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2014.949764.de Geus H.R., Fortrie G., Betjes M.G., et al. Time of injury affects urinary biomarker predictive values for acute kidney injury in critically ill, non-septic patients. BMC Nephrol. 2013; 14 (1): 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-14-273.de Geus H.R., Fortrie G., Betjes M.G., et al. Time of injury affects urinary biomarker predictive values for acute kidney injury in critically ill, non-septic patients. BMC Nephrol. 2013; 14 (1): 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-14-273.Barton K.T., Kakajiwala A., Dietzen D.J., et al. Using the newer Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria, beta-2- microglobulin levels associate with severity of acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J. 2018; 11 (6): 797–802. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfy056.Barton K.T., Kakajiwala A., Dietzen D.J., et al. Using the newer Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria, beta-2- microglobulin levels associate with severity of acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J. 2018; 11 (6): 797–802. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfy056.Пролетов Я.Ю., Саганова Е.С., Смирнов А.В., Зверьков Р.В. Биомаркеры в диагностике острого повреждения почек. Cообщение II. Нефрология. 2014; 18 (6): 51–8.Proletov I.I., Saganova E.S., Smirnov A.V., Zver'kov R.V. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. communication II. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg). 2014; 18 (6): 51–8 (in Russ.)Fernandez F., Barrio V., Guzman J., et al. Beta-2-microglobulin in the assessment of renal function in full term newborns following perinatal asphyxia. J Perinat Med. 1989; 17 (6): 453–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpme.1989.17.6.453.Fernandez F., Barrio V., Guzman J., et al. Beta-2-microglobulin in the assessment of renal function in full term newborns following perinatal asphyxia. J Perinat Med. 1989; 17 (6): 453–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpme.1989.17.6.453.Cabrera J., Arroyo V., Ballesta A.M., et al. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in cirrhosis. Value of urinary beta 2-microglobulin to discriminate functional renal failure from acute tubular damage. Gastroenterology. 1982; 82 (1): 97–105.Cabrera J., Arroyo V., Ballesta A.M., et al. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in cirrhosis. Value of urinary beta 2-microglobulin to discriminate functional renal failure from acute tubular damage. Gastroenterology. 1982; 82 (1): 97–105.Zaleska-Kociecka M., Skrobisz A., Wojtkowska I., et al. Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels for predicting acute kidney injury complicating aortic valve replacement. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2017; 25 (4): 533–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivx198.Zaleska-Kociecka M., Skrobisz A., Wojtkowska I., et al. Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels for predicting acute kidney injury complicating aortic valve replacement. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2017; 25 (4): 533–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivx198.Herget-Rosenthal S., Poppen D., Husing J., et al. Prognostic value ̈ of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis. Clin Chem. 2004; 50 (3): 552–8. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.027763.Herget-Rosenthal S., Poppen D., Husing J., et al. Prognostic value ̈ of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis. Clin Chem. 2004; 50 (3): 552–8. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.027763.Smathers R.L., Petersen D.R. The human fatty acid-binding protein family: evolutionary divergences and functions. Hum Genomics. 2011; 5 (3): 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-7364-5-3-170.Smathers R.L., Petersen D.R. The human fatty acid-binding protein family: evolutionary divergences and functions. Hum Genomics. 2011; 5 (3): 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-7364-5-3-170.Furuhashi M., Hotamisligil G.S. Fatty acid-binding proteins: role in metabolic diseases and potential as drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008; 7 (6): 489–503. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2589.Furuhashi M., Hotamisligil G.S. Fatty acid-binding proteins: role in metabolic diseases and potential as drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008; 7 (6): 489–503. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2589.McArthur M.J., Atshaves B.P., Frolov A., et al. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of long chain fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 1999; 40 (8): 1371–83.McArthur M.J., Atshaves B.P., Frolov A., et al. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of long chain fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 1999; 40 (8): 1371–83.Tanaka T., Doi K., Maeda-Mamiya R., et al. Urinary L-type fatty acidbinding protein can reflect renal tubulointerstitial injury. Am J Pathol. 2009; 174 (4): 1203–11. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.080511.Tanaka T., Doi K., Maeda-Mamiya R., et al. Urinary L-type fatty acidbinding protein can reflect renal tubulointerstitial injury. Am J Pathol. 2009; 174 (4): 1203–11. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.080511.Portilla D., Dent C., Sugaya T., et al. Liver fatty acid-binding protein as a biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int. 2008; 73 (4): 465–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002721.Portilla D., Dent C., Sugaya T., et al. Liver fatty acid-binding protein as a biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int. 2008; 73 (4): 465–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002721.Yang J., Choi H.M., Seo M.Y., et al. Urine liver-type fatty acidbinding protein predicts graft outcome up to 2 years after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2014; 46 (2): 376–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.130.Yang J., Choi H.M., Seo M.Y., et al. Urine liver-type fatty acidbinding protein predicts graft outcome up to 2 years after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2014; 46 (2): 376–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.130.Susantitaphong P., Siribamrungwong M., Doi K., et al. Performance of urinary liver-type fatty acid–binding protein in acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013; 61 (3): 430–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.10.016.Susantitaphong P., Siribamrungwong M., Doi K., et al. Performance of urinary liver-type fatty acid–binding protein in acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013; 61 (3): 430–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.10.016.Parikh C.R., Moledina D.G., Coca S.G., et al. Application of new acute kidney injury biomarkers in human randomized controlled trials. Kidney Int. 2016; 89 (6): 1372–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.027.Parikh C.R., Moledina D.G., Coca S.G., et al. Application of new acute kidney injury biomarkers in human randomized controlled trials. Kidney Int. 2016; 89 (6): 1372–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.027.Siew E.D., Ware L.B., Bian A., et al. Distinct injury markers for the early detection and prognosis of incident acute kidney injury in critically ill adults with preserved kidney function. Kidney Int. 2013; 84 (4): 786–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.174.Siew E.D., Ware L.B., Bian A., et al. Distinct injury markers for the early detection and prognosis of incident acute kidney injury in critically ill adults with preserved kidney function. Kidney Int. 2013; 84 (4): 786–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.174.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.