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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2022.118</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-740</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Historical milestones of the invention and use of placebo</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исторические этапы изобретения и использования плацебо</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8700-7624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котеров</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koterov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Котеров Алексей Николаевич – д.б.н., заведующий лабораторией отдела радиационной эпидемиологии</p><p>ул. Живописная, д. 46, Москва 123182</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey N. Koterov – Dr. Biol. Sc., Head of Laboratory, Department of Radiation Epidemiology</p><p>46 Zhivopisnaya Str., Moscow 123182</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">govorilga@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна» Федерального медико-биологического агентства России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Russian State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Federal Medical Biological Agency<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>502</fpage><lpage>522</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Koterov A.N., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Котеров А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koterov A.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/740">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/740</self-uri><abstract><p>The review is based on the originals of nearly all major sources on the history of placebo and the placebo effect for 1945–2020. Data on the etymology and semantics of the term “placebo”, on its introduction into the Catholic service and, then, into everyday English are given. The placebo effect is considered as one of the mechanisms ensuring the “success” of ancient, medieval, old, non-traditional (alternative) and esoteric medicine. It is indicated that the origins of the experimental placebo are exorcism techniques dated from 16th century.</p><p>Uniform understanding of priorities in the invention and use of both therapeutic and experimental placebo has not been established. In the first case, A. Sutherland (1763) and A. Duncan (1770) from Scotland, but not W. Cullen (1772), as is now given in most sources, should be named as pioneers. In the second case, the priority is given to the Commission of the Franch Academy of Sciences (with the participation of the US Ambassador to France B. Franklin), which investigated the effects of mesmerism (A. Mesmer) in 1784, but not to J. Haygarth's test of magnetism therapy in 1801, not to a comparison of the effects of homeopathy and allopathy in St. Petersburg in 1829–1830 and, moreover, not to the therapy of rheumatism studied by A. Flint in 1863. The last date is often erroneously given in manuals and reviews.</p><p>From the beginning of placebo use and until the middle of the 20th century, it was considered as an active compound that could theoretically have a therapeutic effect, but since 1937 placebo has been defined in medical dictionaries only as an inactive, inert substance or effect. Data on the inclusion of the term “placebo” in general and medical dictionaries in different languages are presented (priority was given to the new medical dictionary by G. Motherby written in English and published in 1785).</p><p>The increased interest in the history of placebo in the last one and a half to two decades (relevant reviews from at least 15 countries are known) might be associated not only with its introduction into controlled trials, but also with the current popularity of alternative and even esoteric medicine methods with the penetration of those, at times, into conventional medicine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор выполнен на базе оригиналов практически всех основных источников по истории плацебо и эффекта плацебо за 1945–2020 гг. Приведены данные по этимологии и семантике термина placebo, по внедрению его в католическую службу, а затем в обыденный английский язык. Рассмотрен эффект плацебо как один из механизмов, обеспечивающих «успехи» древней, средневековой, старинной, нетрадиционной (альтернативной) и эзотерической медицины. Указано, что истоками экспериментального плацебо являются методики экзорцизма от XVI в.</p><p>Обнаружено отсутствие единого представления о приоритетах при изобретении и использовании как терапевтического, так и экспериментального плацебо. В первом случае пионерами должны быть названы A. Sutherland (1763 г.) и A. Duncan (1770 г.) из Шотландии, но не W. Cullen (1772 г.), как сейчас приводится в большинстве источников. Во втором случае первенство имеет комиссия Французской академии наук (с участием посла США во Франции B. Franklin), в 1784 г. исследовавшая эффекты месмеризма (A. Mesmer), но не проверка J. Haygarth терапии магнетизмом в 1801 г., не сравнение эффектов гомеопатии и аллопатии в С.-Петербурге в 1829–1830 гг. и, тем более, не изучение терапии ревматизма в 1863 г. A. Flint. Последняя дата нередко ошибочно называется в пособиях и обзорах.</p><p>От начала использования плацебо и ближе к середине XX в. оно рассматривалось как активное соединение, которое теоретически могло иметь лечебный эффект, но с 1937 г. плацебо определяется в медицинских словарях только как неактивное, инертное вещество или воздействие. Приведены данные по включению термина «плацебо» в общие и медицинские словари на разных языках (приоритет за англоязычным медицинским словарем G. Motherby за 1785 г.).</p><p>Повышенный интерес к истории плацебо в последние полтора-два десятилетия (известны соответствующие обзоры как минимум из 15 стран) может быть связан не только с внедрением его в контролируемые испытания, но и с популярностью в настоящее время методов нетрадиционной и даже эзотерической медицины, с проникновением таковых порой и в обычную медицину.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>История плацебо</kwd><kwd>экспериментальное и терапевтическое плацебо</kwd><kwd>эффект плацебо в древней</kwd><kwd>средневековой</kwd><kwd>старинной и нетрадиционной медицине</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Placebo history</kwd><kwd>experimental and therapeutic placebo</kwd><kwd>placebo effect in ancient</kwd><kwd>medieval</kwd><kwd>old and non-traditional (alternative) medicine</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>В рамках более широкой бюджетной темы НИР ФМБА России.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>Within the broader budget research theme of the FMBA of Russia</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авксентьева М.В. 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