farmaecFARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and PharmacoepidemiologyФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология2070-49092070-4933IRBIS LLC10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2022.126farmaec-651Research ArticleREVIEW ARTICLESОБЗОРНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИApplication of chondroprotective agents to inhibit osteodestructive processes in the subchondral bone in patients with osteoarthritisО перспективах применения хондропротекторов для торможения остеодеструктивных процессов в субхондральной кости при остеоартритеhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-710XГромоваО. А.GromovaО. А.

д.м.н., профессор, научный руководитель,

ул. Вавилова, д. 4, Москва 2119333

Dr. Med. Sc., Professor, Research Supervisor,

4 Vavilov Str., Moscow, 2119333

unesco.gromova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-3080ЛилаА. М.LilaА. М.

д.м.н., профессор, директор,

Каширское ш., д. 34А, Москва 115522

Dr. Med. Sc., Professor, Director,

34А Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115522

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-7998ТоршинИ. Ю.TorshinI. Yu.

к.ф-м.н., к.х.н., старший научный сотрудник,

ул. Вавилова, д. 4, Москва 2119333

PhD (Phys. Math.), PhD (Chem.), Senior Researcher,

4 Vavilov Str., Moscow, 2119333

РейерИ. А.ReierI. А.

к.т.н., научный сотрудник,

ул. Вавилова, д. 4, Москва 2119333

PhD (Tech.), Researcher,

4 Vavilov Str., Moscow, 2119333

Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» Российской академии наукРоссияFederal Research Center “Informatics and Management”, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»РоссияNasonov Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian Federation202215032022151107118Copyright © Gromova О.А., Lila А.М., Torshin I.Y., Reier I.А., 20222022Громова О.А., Лила А.М., Торшин И.Ю., Рейер И.А.Gromova О.А., Lila А.М., Torshin I.Y., Reier I.А.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/651Background

Background. Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with an activation of local inflammation and involves subchondral tissue of the joint.

Objective

Objective: to conduct a systemic analysis of the publications on the association between OA and metabolic disorders in bones.

Material and methods

Material and methods. The authors analyzed 3,926 publications on the studies of OA and metabolic disorders in bones tissue by the method of a topologic theory of recognition selected by the request “osteoarthritis AND (bone resorption OR osteopenia OR osteoporosis)” in the database of biomedical publications PubMed/MEDLINE. The control sampling included 4,000 articles randomly selected out of 97,331 found by the request “osteoarthritis NOT bone NOT resorption NOT osteopenia NOT osteoporosis” (i.e. publications on OA that do not cover issues of bone metabolism).

Results

Results. The associations between cartilaginous pathology and bone tissue destruction are mediated by anti-inflammatory cytokines, osteoblast and osteoclast balance impairments, steroid hormone imbalance, and carbohydrate metabolism. Bone metabolism disorders are associated with an intensification of OA-associated pain syndrome. Chondroprotective agents (chondroitin sulfate (CS), glucosamine sulfate (GS), and undenaturated collagen) block the activity of anti-inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB and toll-receptors), stimulate the activity of osteoblasts (bone tissue synthesizing cells), and decrease the excessive activity of osteoclasts (cells that degrade bone tissue).

Conclusion

Conclusion. Pharmaceutically standardized forms of CS and GS can be used for the normalization of bone metabolism along with safe osteoptotective means (vitamin D, calcium, etc.) in patients with OA.

Актуальность

Актуальность. Остеоартрит (ОА) сопровождается активацией локального воспаления и не может не затрагивать костной ткани, непосредственно прилегающей к хрящу сустава.

Цель

Цель: систематический анализ научной литературы по взаимосвязи ОА с нарушениями метаболизма кости.

Материал и методы

Материал и методы. Проведен компьютерный анализ 3926 публикаций по исследованиям ОА и нарушений метаболизма костной ткани методом топологической теории распознавания, отобранных по запросу “osteoarthritis AND (bone resorption OR osteopenia OR osteoporosis)” в базе данных биомедицинских публикаций PubMed/MEDLINE. В качестве контрольной выборки использовали 4000 статей, случайно выбранных из 97 331 текста, найденного по запросу “osteoarthritis NOT bone NOT resorption NOT osteopenia NOT osteoporosis” (т.е. публикации по ОА, не затрагивающие вопросов метаболизма кости). Р

Результаты

Результаты. Взаимосвязи между патологией хряща и деструкцией костной ткани опосредованы: провоспалительными цитокинами, нарушениями баланса активности остеобластов и остеокластов, гормональным дисбалансом эстрогенов, нарушениями углеводного обмена. Нарушения метаболизма кости ассоциированы с увеличением болевой симптоматики ОА. Хондропротекторы хондроитина сульфат (ХС), глюкозамина сульфат (ГС) и неденатурированный коллаген блокируют активность провоспалительных цитокинов (каскады NF-κB и толл-рецепторов), стимулируют активность остеобластов (клетки, синтезирующие костную ткань) и снижают избыточную активность остеокластов (клетки, деградирующие костную ткань).

Заключение

Заключение. Фармацевтически стандатизированные формы ХС и ГС могут наряду с безопасными остеопротекторными средствами (витамин D, кальций и др.) использоваться для нормализации костного метаболизма при ОА.

Резорбция костиостеопротекцияпатологии суставовстандартизация препаратовтопологическая теория распознаванияBone resorptionosteoprotectionjoint pathologypharmaceutical grade formstopologic theory of recognitionОбзор выполнен при поддержке ЗАО «ФармФирма «Сотекс».ReferencesHerrero-Beaumont G., Pérez-Baos S., Sánchez-Pernaute O., et al. Targeting chronic innate inflammatory pathways, the main road to prevention of osteoarthritis progression. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019; 165: 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.030.Herrero-Beaumont G., Pérez-Baos S., Sánchez-Pernaute O., et al. Targeting chronic innate inflammatory pathways, the main road to prevention of osteoarthritis progression. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019; 165: 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.030.Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Лила А.М. и др. Стандартизированные формы хондроитина сульфата как патогенетическое средство лечения остеоартрита в контексте постгеномных исследований. Современная ревматология. 2021; 15 (1): 136–43. https://doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2021-1-136-143.Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Lila A.M., et al. Standardised forms of chondroitin sulfate as a pathogenetic treatment of osteoarthritis in the context of post-genomic studies. Sovremennaya revmatologiya / Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2021; 15 (1): 136–43 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2021-1-136-143.Barreto G., Manninen M., Eklund K.K. Osteoarthritis and toll-like receptors: when innate immunity meets chondrocyte apoptosis. Biology (Basel). 2020; 9 (4): 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9040065.Barreto G., Manninen M., Eklund K.K. Osteoarthritis and toll-like receptors: when innate immunity meets chondrocyte apoptosis. Biology (Basel). 2020; 9 (4): 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9040065.Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А., Нечаева Г.И. и др. Систематический анализ молекулярно-биологических механизмов поддержки хондроитина сульфатом метаболизма соединительной ткани. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021; 13 (1): 154– 62. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1-154-162.Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A., Nechaeva G.I., et al. Systematic analysis of molecular biological mechanisms for supporting connective tissue metabolism with chondroitin sulfate. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021; 13 (1): 154–62 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1-154-162.Goerres G.W., Häuselmann H.J., Seifert B., et al. Patients with knee osteoarthritis have lower total hip bone mineral density in the symptomatic leg than in the contralateral hip. J Clin Densitom. 2005; 8 (4): 484–7. https://doi.org/10.1385/jcd:8:4:484.Goerres G.W., Häuselmann H.J., Seifert B., et al. Patients with knee osteoarthritis have lower total hip bone mineral density in the symptomatic leg than in the contralateral hip. J Clin Densitom. 2005; 8 (4): 484–7. https://doi.org/10.1385/jcd:8:4:484.Yu D., Xu J., Liu F., et al. Subchondral bone changes and the impacts on joint pain and articular cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016; 34 (5): 929–34.Yu D., Xu J., Liu F., et al. Subchondral bone changes and the impacts on joint pain and articular cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016; 34 (5): 929–34.Salbach J., Rachner T.D., Rauner M., et al. Regenerative potential of glycosaminoglycans for skin and bone. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012; 90 (6): 625–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-011-0843-2.Salbach J., Rachner T.D., Rauner M., et al. Regenerative potential of glycosaminoglycans for skin and bone. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012; 90 (6): 625–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-011-0843-2.Fournier P., Dupuis Y. Antirachitic power of various socalled structural compounds: lactose, glucosamine, L-xylose, mannitol. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1960; 250: 3050–2 (на фр. яз.).Fournier P., Dupuis Y. Antirachitic power of various socalled structural compounds: lactose, glucosamine, L-xylose, mannitol. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1960; 250: 3050–2 (in French).Шавловская О.А., Золотовская И.А., Прокофьева Ю.С. Антирезорбтивная активность фармацевтического хондроитина сульфата у лиц старшей возрастной группы. Терапевтический архив. 2020; 92 (12): 75–9. https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.12.200448.Shavlovskaya O.A., Zolotovskaya I.A., Prokofyeva Y.S. Antiresorptive activity of pharmacological chondroitin sulfate in the older age group. Terapeutic Archive. 2020; 92 (12): 75–9 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.12.200448.Torshin I.Yu., Rudakov K.V. On the theoretical basis of the metric analysis of poorly formalized problems of recognition and classification. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. 2015; 25 (4): 577–87. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054661815040252.Torshin I.Yu., Rudakov K.V. On the theoretical basis of the metric analysis of poorly formalized problems of recognition and classification. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. 2015; 25 (4): 577–87. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054661815040252.Torshin I.Yu., Rudakov K.V. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. Part 1: properties of compactness. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. 2016; 26 (2): 274–84. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054661816020255.Torshin I.Yu., Rudakov K.V. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. Part 1: properties of compactness. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. 2016; 26 (2): 274–84. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054661816020255.Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А., Стаховская Л.В. и др. Анализ 19,9 млн публикаций базы данных PubMed/MEDLINE методами искусственного интеллекта: подходы к обобщению накопленных данных и феномен “fake news”. ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология. 2020; 13 (2): 146–63. https://doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2020.021.Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A., Stakhovskaya L.V., et al. Analysis of 19.9 million publications from the PubMed/MEDLINE database using artificial intelligence methods: approaches to the generalizations of accumulated data and the phenomenon of “fake news”. FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Sovremennaya farmakoekonomika i farmakoepidemiologiya / FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology. 2020; 13 (2): 146–63 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2020.021.Stanford Biomedical Network Dataset Collection. URL: http://snap.stanford.edu/biodata (дата обращения 27.12.2021).Stanford Biomedical Network Dataset Collection. Available at: http://snap.stanford.edu/biodata (accessed 27.12.2021).The Gene Ontology Consortium. The Gene Ontology Resource: 20 years and still GOing strong. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019; 47 (D1): D330– 8. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1055.The Gene Ontology Consortium. The Gene Ontology Resource: 20 years and still GOing strong. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019; 47 (D1): D330–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1055.Maeda K., Kobayashi Y., Koide M., et al. The regulation of bone metabolism and disorders by Wnt signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20 (22): 5525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225525.Maeda K., Kobayashi Y., Koide M., et al. The regulation of bone metabolism and disorders by Wnt signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20 (22): 5525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225525.Deng H., Liu H., Yang Z., et al. Progress of selenium deficiency in the pathogenesis of arthropathies and selenium supplement for their treatment. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021; Nov. 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-03022-4.Deng H., Liu H., Yang Z., et al. Progress of selenium deficiency in the pathogenesis of arthropathies and selenium supplement for their treatment. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021; Nov. 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-03022-4.Hong S.W., Kang J.H. Bone mineral density, bone microstructure, and bone turnover markers in females with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021; 25 (11): 6435–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03946-0.Hong S.W., Kang J.H. Bone mineral density, bone microstructure, and bone turnover markers in females with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021; 25 (11): 6435–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03946-0.Lin Z., Miao J., Zhang T., et al. d-Mannose suppresses osteoarthritis development in vivo and delays IL-1β-induced degeneration in vitro by enhancing autophagy activated via the AMPK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021; 135: 111199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111199.Lin Z., Miao J., Zhang T., et al. d-Mannose suppresses osteoarthritis development in vivo and delays IL-1β-induced degeneration in vitro by enhancing autophagy activated via the AMPK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021; 135: 111199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111199.Monasterio G., Castillo F., Rojas L., et al. Th1/Th17/Th22 immune response and their association with joint pain, imagenological bone loss, RANKL expression and osteoclast activity in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a preliminary report. J Oral Rehabil. 2018; 45 (8): 589–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12649.Monasterio G., Castillo F., Rojas L., et al. Th1/Th17/Th22 immune response and their association with joint pain, imagenological bone loss, RANKL expression and osteoclast activity in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a preliminary report. J Oral Rehabil. 2018; 45 (8): 589–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12649.Berardi S., Corrado A., Maruotti N., et al. Osteoblast role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep. 2021; 48 (3): 2843–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06288-y.Berardi S., Corrado A., Maruotti N., et al. Osteoblast role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep. 2021; 48 (3): 2843–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06288-y.Ragipoglu D., Dudeck A., Haffner-Luntzer M., et al. The role of mast cells in bone metabolism and bone disorders. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00163.Ragipoglu D., Dudeck A., Haffner-Luntzer M., et al. The role of mast cells in bone metabolism and bone disorders. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00163.Kamiya N., Kuroyanagi G., Aruwajoye O., Kim H.K.W. IL6 receptor blockade preserves articular cartilage and increases bone volume following ischemic osteonecrosis in immature mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019; 27 (2): 326–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.10.010.Kamiya N., Kuroyanagi G., Aruwajoye O., Kim H.K.W. IL6 receptor blockade preserves articular cartilage and increases bone volume following ischemic osteonecrosis in immature mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019; 27 (2): 326–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.10.010.Ren Y., Deng Z., Gokani V., et al. Anti-interleukin-6 therapy decreases hip synovitis and bone resorption and increases bone formation following ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Miner Res. 2021; 36 (2): 357–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4191.Ren Y., Deng Z., Gokani V., et al. Anti-interleukin-6 therapy decreases hip synovitis and bone resorption and increases bone formation following ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Miner Res. 2021; 36 (2): 357–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4191.Takeuchi T., Sugimoto A., Imazato N., et al. Glucosamine suppresses osteoclast differentiation through the modulation of glycosylation including O-GlcNAcylation. Biol Pharm Bull. 2017; 40 (3): 352–6. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b16-00877.Takeuchi T., Sugimoto A., Imazato N., et al. Glucosamine suppresses osteoclast differentiation through the modulation of glycosylation including O-GlcNAcylation. Biol Pharm Bull. 2017; 40 (3): 352–6. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b16-00877.Nagaoka I., Igarashi M., Sakamoto K. Biological activities of glucosamine and its related substances. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2012; 65: 337–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416003-3.00022-6.Nagaoka I., Igarashi M., Sakamoto K. Biological activities of glucosamine and its related substances. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2012; 65: 337–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416003-3.00022-6.Ivanovska N., Dimitrova P. Bone resorption and remodeling in murine collagenase-induced osteoarthritis after administration of glucosamine. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011; 13 (2): R44. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3283.Ivanovska N., Dimitrova P. Bone resorption and remodeling in murine collagenaseinduced osteoarthritis after administration of glucosamine. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011; 13 (2): R44. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3283.Золотовская И.А., Давыдкин И.Л. Антирезорбтивноцитокиновые эффекты хондропротективной терапии у пациентов с болью в нижней части спины. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020; 120 (4): 65–71. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202012004165.Zolotovskaya I.A., Davydkin I.L. Antiresorptive-cytokine effects of the chondroprotective therapy in patients with lower back pain. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2020; 120 (4): 65–71 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202012004165.Veronese N., Koyanagi A., Stubbs B., et al. Mediterranean diet and knee osteoarthritis outcomes: a longitudinal cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2019; 38 (6): 2735–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.032.Veronese N., Koyanagi A., Stubbs B., et al. Mediterranean diet and knee osteoarthritis outcomes: a longitudinal cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2019; 38 (6): 2735–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.032.Bahrambeigi S., Yousefi B., Rahimi M., Shafiei-Irannejad V. Metformin; an old antidiabetic drug with new potentials in bone disorders. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019; 109: 1593–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.032.Bahrambeigi S., Yousefi B., Rahimi M., Shafiei-Irannejad V. Metformin; an old antidiabetic drug with new potentials in bone disorders. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019; 109: 1593–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.032.Zheng H.X., Chen J., Zu Y.X., et al. Chondroitin sulfate prevents STZ induced diabetic osteoporosis through decreasing blood glucose, antioxidative stress, anti-inflammation and OPG/RANKL expression regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (15): 5303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155303.Zheng H.X., Chen J., Zu Y.X., et al. Chondroitin sulfate prevents STZ induced diabetic osteoporosis through decreasing blood glucose, antioxidative stress, anti-inflammation and OPG/RANKL expression regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (15): 5303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155303.Fan R., Hao Y., Liu X., et al. Undenatured type II collagen relieves bone impairment through improving inflammation and oxidative stress in ageing db/db mice. Molecules. 2021; 26 (16): 4942. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164942.Fan R., Hao Y., Liu X., et al. Undenatured type II collagen relieves bone impairment through improving inflammation and oxidative stress in ageing db/db mice. Molecules. 2021; 26 (16): 4942. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164942.Veronese N., Cooper C., Reginster J.Y., et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019; 49 (1): 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.01.005.Veronese N., Cooper C., Reginster J.Y., et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019; 49 (1): 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.01.005.Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Зайчик Б.Ц. и др. О различиях в стандартизации лекарственных препаратов на основе экстрактов хондроитина сульфата. ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология. 2021; 14 (1): 40– 52. https://doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.083.Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Zaychik B.T., et al. Differences in the standardization of medicinal products based on extracts of chondroitin sulfate. FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Sovremennaya farmakoekonomika i farmakoepidemiologiya / FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology. 2021; 14 (1): 40–52 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.083.Wu Y., Kadota-Watanabe C., Ogawa T., Moriyama K. Combination of estrogen deficiency and excessive mechanical stress aggravates temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in vivo. Arch Oral Biol. 2019; 102: 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.012.Wu Y., Kadota-Watanabe C., Ogawa T., Moriyama K. Combination of estrogen deficiency and excessive mechanical stress aggravates temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in vivo. Arch Oral Biol. 2019; 102: 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.012.Asai H., Nakatani S., Kato T., et al. Glucosamines attenuate bone loss due to menopause by regulating osteoclast function in ovariectomized mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2016; 39 (6): 1035–41. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b16-00066.Asai H., Nakatani S., Kato T., et al. Glucosamines attenuate bone loss due to menopause by regulating osteoclast function in ovariectomized mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2016; 39 (6): 1035–41. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b16-00066.Jiang Z., Li Z., Zhang W., et al. Dietary natural N-acetyl-Dglucosamine prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Molecules. 2018; 23 (9): 2302. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092302.Jiang Z., Li Z., Zhang W., et al. Dietary natural N-acetyl-D-glucosamine prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Molecules. 2018; 23 (9): 2302. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092302.Miyazaki T., Miyauchi S., Anada T., et al. Chondroitin sulfate-E binds to both osteoactivin and integrin αVβ3 and inhibits osteoclast differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2015; 116 (10): 2247–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25175.Miyazaki T., Miyauchi S., Anada T., et al. Chondroitin sulfate-E binds to both osteoactivin and integrin αVβ3 and inhibits osteoclast differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2015; 116 (10): 2247–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25175.Koike T., Mikami T., Shida M., et al. Chondroitin sulfate-E mediates estrogen-induced osteoanabolism. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 8994. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08994.Koike T., Mikami T., Shida M., et al. Chondroitin sulfate-E mediates estrogeninduced osteoanabolism. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 8994. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08994.Yoo T.K., Kim S.K., Kim D.W., et al. Osteoporosis risk prediction for bone mineral density assessment of postmenopausal women using machine learning. Yonsei Med J. 2013; 54 (6): 1321–30. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.6.1321.Yoo T.K., Kim S.K., Kim D.W., et al. Osteoporosis risk prediction for bone mineral density assessment of postmenopausal women using machine learning. Yonsei Med J. 2013; 54 (6): 1321–30. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.6.1321.Kiyomoto K., Iba K., Hanaka M., et al. High bone turnover state under osteoporotic changes induces pain-like behaviors in mild osteoarthritis model mice. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020; 38 (6): 806–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-020-01124-y.Kiyomoto K., Iba K., Hanaka M., et al. High bone turnover state under osteoporotic changes induces pain-like behaviors in mild osteoarthritis model mice. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020; 38 (6): 806–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-020-01124-y.Sun Q., Zhen G., Li T.P., et al. Parathyroid hormone attenuates osteoarthritis pain by remodeling subchondral bone in mice. Elife. 2021; 10: e66532. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.66532.Sun Q., Zhen G., Li T.P., et al. Parathyroid hormone attenuates osteoarthritis pain by remodeling subchondral bone in mice. Elife. 2021; 10: e66532. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.66532.Nwosu L.N., Allen M., Wyatt L., et al. Pain prediction by serum biomarkers of bone turnover in people with knee osteoarthritis: an observational study of TRAcP5b and cathepsin K in OA. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017; 25 (6): 858–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.01.002.Nwosu L.N., Allen M., Wyatt L., et al. Pain prediction by serum biomarkers of bone turnover in people with knee osteoarthritis: an observational study of TRAcP5b and cathepsin K in OA. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017; 25 (6): 858–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.01.002.Nakamura Y., Uchiyama S., Kamimura M., et al. Bone alterations are associated with ankle osteoarthritis joint pain. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 18717. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18717.Nakamura Y., Uchiyama S., Kamimura M., et al. Bone alterations are associated with ankle osteoarthritis joint pain. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 18717. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18717.Торшин И.Ю., Лила А.М., Наумов А.В. и др. Метаанализ клинических исследований эффективности лечения остеоартита препаратом Хондрогард. ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология. 2020; 13 (4): 18– 29. https://doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2020.066.Torshin I.Yu., Lila A.M., Naumov A.V., et al. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of osteoarthritis treatment effectiveness with Chondroguard. FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Sovremennaya farmakoekonomika i farmakoepidemiologiya / FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology. 2020; 13 (4): 18–29 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2020.066.Salbach-Hirsch J., Ziegler N., Thiele S., et al. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans support osteoblast functions and concurrently suppress osteoclasts. J Cell Biochem. 2014; 115 (6): 1101–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.24750.Salbach-Hirsch J., Ziegler N., Thiele S., et al. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans support osteoblast functions and concurrently suppress osteoclasts. J Cell Biochem. 2014; 115 (6): 1101–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.24750.Salbach J., Kliemt S., Rauner M., et al. The effect of the degree of sulfation of glycosaminoglycans on osteoclast function and signaling pathways. Biomaterials. 2012; 33 (33): 8418–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.028.Salbach J., Kliemt S., Rauner M., et al. The effect of the degree of sulfation of glycosaminoglycans on osteoclast function and signaling pathways. Biomaterials. 2012; 33 (33): 8418–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.028.Trabszo C., Ramms B., Chopra P., et al. Arylsulfatase K inactivation causes mucopolysaccharidosis due to deficient glucuronate desulfation of heparan and chondroitin sulfate. Biochem J. 2020; 477 (17): 3433–51. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20200546.Trabszo C., Ramms B., Chopra P., et al. Arylsulfatase K inactivation causes mucopolysaccharidosis due to deficient glucuronate desulfation of heparan and chondroitin sulfate. Biochem J. 2020; 477 (17): 3433–51. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20200546.Peck S.H., Tobias J.W., Shore E.M., et al. Molecular profiling of failed endochondral ossification in mucopolysaccharidosis VII. Bone. 2019; 128: 115042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.115042.Peck S.H., Tobias J.W., Shore E.M., et al. Molecular profiling of failed endochondral ossification in mucopolysaccharidosis VII. Bone. 2019; 128: 115042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.115042.Лила А.М., Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю. и др. Молекулярные эффекты хондрогарда при остеоартрите и грыжах межпозвоночного диска. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2017; 9 (3): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2017-3-88-97.Lila A.M., Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., et al. Molecular effects of chondroguard in osteoarthritis and herniated discs. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2017; 9 (3): 88–97 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2017-3-88-97.Noonan K.J., Stevens J.W., Tammi R., et al. Spatial distribution of CD44 and hyaluronan in the proximal tibia of the growing rat. J Orthop Res. 1996; 14 (4): 573–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100140411.Noonan K.J., Stevens J.W., Tammi R., et al. Spatial distribution of CD44 and hyaluronan in the proximal tibia of the growing rat. J Orthop Res. 1996; 14 (4): 573–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100140411.Martins J.M.S., Dos Santos Neto L.D., Noleto-Mendonça R.A., et al. Dietary supplementation with glycosaminoglycans reduces locomotor problems in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2020; 99 (12): 6974–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.061.Martins J.M.S., Dos Santos Neto L.D., Noleto-Mendonça R.A., et al. Dietary supplementation with glycosaminoglycans reduces locomotor problems in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2020; 99 (12): 6974–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.061.Lambertini E., Penolazzi L., Pandolfi A., et al. Human osteoclasts/ osteoblasts 3D dynamic co culture system to study the beneficial effects of glucosamine on bone microenvironment. Int J Mol Med. 2021; 47 (4): 57. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4890.Lambertini E., Penolazzi L., Pandolfi A., et al. Human osteoclasts/osteoblasts 3D dynamic co-culture system to study the beneficial effects of glucosamine on bone microenvironment. Int J Mol Med. 2021; 47 (4): 57. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4890.Lv C., Wang L., Zhu X., et al. Glucosamine promotes osteoblast proliferation by modulating autophagy via the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 99: 271–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.066.Lv C., Wang L., Zhu X., et al. Glucosamine promotes osteoblast proliferation by modulating autophagy via the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 99: 271–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.066.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.