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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.091</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-633</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>History of controlled trials in medicine: real priorities are little-known. Report 3. Quasi-randomized and randomized trials in humans and animals</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>История контролируемых испытаний в медицине: реальные приоритеты малоизвестны. Сообщение 3. Квазирандомизированные и рандомизированные испытания на людях и животных</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8700-7624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котеров</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koterov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Котеров Алексей Николаевич – д.б.н., заведующий лабораторией отдела радиационной эпидемиологии </p><p>РИНЦ SPIN-код: 1493-2530 </p><p>ул. Живописная, д. 46, Москва 123182</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey N. Koterov – Dr. Biol. Sc., Head of Laboratory, Department of Radiation Epidemiology</p><p>RSCI SPIN-code: 1493-2530 </p><p>46 Zhivopisnaya Str., Moscow 123182</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">govorilga@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихонова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhonova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тихонова Ольга Александровна – к.м.н., заведующая лабораторией мультидисциплинарных клинических исследований </p><p>РИНЦ SPIN-код: 5904-4013 </p><p>ул. Живописная, д. 46, Москва 123182</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Tikhonova – MD, PhD, Head of Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Clinical Studies</p><p>RSCI SPIN-code: 5904-4013 </p><p>46 Zhivopisnaya Str., Moscow 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушенкова</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushenkova</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ушенкова Лилия Николаевна – к.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела радиационной эпидемиологии </p><p>РИНЦ SPIN-код: 1289-9679 </p><p>ул. Живописная, д. 46, Москва 123182</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Liliya N. Ushenkova – PhD (Biol.), Leading Researcher, Department of Radiation Epidemiology</p><p>RSCI SPIN-code: 1289-9679 </p><p>46 Zhivopisnaya Str., Moscow 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2165-6984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бирюков</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Biryukov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бирюков Александр Петрович – д.м.н., профессор, заведующий отделом радиационной эпидемиологии </p><p>РИНЦ SPIN-код: 5690-5212 </p><p>ул. Живописная, д. 46, Москва 123182</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksander P. Biryukov – Dr. Med. Sc., Professor, Head of Department of Radiation Epidemiology</p><p>RSCI SPIN-code: 5690-5212 </p><p>46 Zhivopisnaya Str., Moscow 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна» Федерального медико-биологического агентства России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Russian State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Federal Medical Biological Agency<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>593</fpage><lpage>631</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Koterov A.N., Tikhonova O.A., Ushenkova L.N., Biryukov A.P., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Котеров А.Н., Тихонова О.А., Ушенкова Л.Н., Бирюков А.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koterov A.N., Tikhonova O.A., Ushenkova L.N., Biryukov A.P.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/633">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/633</self-uri><abstract><p>The three-report review is aimed to describe the historical development of clinical trials, controlled trials (CT) and randomized controlled trials (RCT), and the inclusion of these approaches in health-related disciplines (Medicine and Epidemiology). Report 3 summarizes historical milestones (ideas and studies) for quasi-randomized CT (‘alternate allocation’; 88 milestones) and RCT (37 milestones). It was found that although the ideas of both designs are a thing of the past (from A. Lesassier Hamilton (1816) and J.B. Van Helmont (1648), respectively), the bulk of the tests were carried out in the 20th century, when both designs existed in parallel. Overall, the alternate allocation was used nearly three times longer than randomization.Analysis of the sources showed that the first RCT in medicine was the work of D. Colebrook, 1925 (Great Britain), and the first close to the modern RCT, including randomization according to the table of random numbers, was J.A. Bell, 1941 (USA). Often referred to as the ‘new era in CT’ and ‘the origine of RCT’, a study of the effects of streptomycin on tuberculosis in 1946–1948, which was also designed by A.B. Hill is only 13th known RCT, only 9th RCT in medicine and only the 2nd with modern randomization. Other facts of insufficient reflection of the priorities and real history of CT/RCT in West and Russian publications were found, including dozens of Western textbooks on epidemiology and evidence-based medicine of recent decades. True priorities are often omitted, and the most frequent references to the history of CT (progressively) are the experience of the prophet Daniel, the experience of the surgeon J. Lind, and the study on the effect of streptomycin on tuberculosis in 1946–1948.Based on a PubMed/MEDLINE search, a summary of alternate allocation CT, and RCT for the period 1960–1990 to 2020 is provided. In the first case, single publications were found, but the fact that design with alternation survives to this day is important. For RCT, since 1990s, an increase in the number of papers (up to tens of thousands per year) has been revealed. The data are given for the total number of RCTs performed by countries, continents and parts of the world for 2020. According to the calculated index of the ratio of the number of RCTs to the specific number of doctors (per 100,000 population) among 45 countries of Eurasia (from France to Tajikistan), Russia ranks 12th.A three-report review based on the originals of nearly all publications from the late 19th century and including the necessary references and citations can serve as a reference guide to the historical development of CT and related topics.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор из трех сообщений посвящен историческому развитию клинических испытаний, контролируемых испытаний (англ. Controlled trials, CT) и рандомизированных контролируемых испытаний (англ. randomized controlled trials, RCT), а также включению этих подходов в дисциплины, связанные со здоровьем (медицина и эпидемиология). В Сообщении 3 представлены сводки данных по историческим хроновехам (идеи и исследования) для квазирандомизированных CT (распределение путем чередования – ‘alternate allocation’; 88 хроновех) и RCT (37 хроновех). Обнаружено, что, хотя идеи обоих дизайнов уходят в прошлое (от A. Lesassier Hamilton (1816 г.) и J.B. Van Helmont (1648 г.) соответственно), основная часть испытаний выполнена в ХХ в., когда оба дизайна существовали параллельно. В целом чередование использовалось почти втрое дольше, чем рандомизация.Анализ источников показал, что первым RCT в медицине является работа D. Colebrook 1925 г. (Великобритания), а первым близким к современному RCT с рандомизацией по таблице случайных чисел – испытание J.A. Bell 1941 г. (США). Называемое часто «новой эрой в CT» и «началом RCT» исследование эффектов стрептомицина при туберкулезе в 1946–1948 гг., дизайн которого разработан в т.ч. A.B. Hill, является только 13-м известным RCT, только 9-м в медицине и только 2-м с современной рандомизацией. Обнаружены другие факты недостаточного отражения приоритетов и реальной истории CT/RCT в зарубежных и отечественных публикациях, включая десятки западных пособий по эпидемиологии и доказательной медицине последних десятилетий. Истинные приоритеты нередко опускаются, а наиболее часто встречающиеся упоминания по истории CT (по нарастающей) – это опыт пророка Даниила, опыт хирурга J. Lind и определение эффекта стрептомицина при туберкулезе в 1946–1948 гг.На основе поиска в PubMed/MEDLINE представлена сводка данных по числу CT с чередованием и RCT за период 1960–1990 гг. и до 2020 г. В первом случае обнаружены единичные публикации, но важен сам факт доживания дизайна чередованием до наших дней. Для RCT начиная с 1990-х гг. выявлено увеличение числа работ (до десятков тысяч в год). Приведены данные для общего количества выполненных RCT по странам, континентам и частям света на 2020 г. По вычисленному индексу отношения числа RCT к удельному количеству врачей (на 100 тыс. населения) среди 45 стран Евразии (от Франции до Таджикистана) Россия занимает 12-е место.Обзор из трех сообщений, выполненный с учетом оригиналов почти всех публикаций с конца XIX в. и включающий необходимые ссылки и цитаты, может послужить справочно-сверочным руководством по историческому развитию CT и смежным вопросам.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>история экспериментальной медицины</kwd><kwd>клинические испытания</kwd><kwd>распределение чередованием</kwd><kwd>квазирандомизированные и рандомизированные контролируемые испытания</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>history of experimental medicine</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd><kwd>alternate allocation</kwd><kwd>quasi-randomized and randomized controlled trials</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>В рамках более широкой бюджетной темы НИР ФМБА России.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>Within the broader budget research theme of the FMBA of Russia.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котеров А.Н., Тихонова О.А., Ушенкова Л.Н., Бирюков А.П. 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