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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.060</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-483</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Clinical and economic constituents of the application of dexamethasone and tocilizumab in the therapy for severe conditions in patients with COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая и экономическая составляющие использования дексаметазона и тоцилизумаба при лечении тяжелых состояний COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6454-1346</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жукова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жукова Ольга Вячеславовна – к.фарм.н., доцент, заведующая кафедрой фармацевтической химии и фармакогнозии фармацевтического факультета. РИНЦ SPIN-код: 4167-1496</p><p>пл. Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1, Нижний Новгород 603950</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Zhukova – PhD (Pharm.), Head of the Department for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy. RSCI SPIN-code: 4167-1496</p><p>10/1Minina i Pozharskogo pl., Nizhniy Novgorod 603950</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ov-zhukova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0032-0341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохлов</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhlov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хохлов Александр Леонидович – д.м.н., профессор, член-корр. РАН, заведующий кафедрой клинической фармакологии и этики применения лекарств ЮНЕСКО. РИНЦ SPIN-код: 9389-8926</p><p>ул. Революционная, д. 5, Ярославль 150000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksander L. Khokhlov – Dr. Med. Sc., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Department for the Clinical Pharmacology. RSCI SPIN-code: 9389-8926</p><p>5 Revolutsionnaya Str., Yaroslavl 150000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Privolzhskiy Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Ярославский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yaroslavl State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zhukova O.V., Khokhlov A.L., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жукова О.В., Хохлов А.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhukova O.V., Khokhlov A.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/483">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/483</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Severe forms of COVID-19 are associated with the development of a cytokine storm that is characterized by an increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, one of the leading strategies of treatment for patients with severe forms of COVID-19 is a decrease in the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of their effect on the organism.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to perform a comparative analysis of clinical and economic constituents of the application of an IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab and systemic glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone for the therapy of severe conditions in patients with COVID-19 based on the published data review.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The authors analyzed the data obtained from PubMed/MEDLINE databases on the study dedicated to the application of tocilizumab and dexamethasone for the therapy of severe conditions in patients with COVID-19. A statistical evaluation of the influence of these drugs on the 28-day survival rate of patients with a severe form of COVID-19 was performed. The statistical tools included methods of the attribute-based statistic (attribute-based efficiency, relative efficiency (RE), populational attributive efficiency (PAE)). For the visualization of the clinical efficiency of the compared drugs, the authors applied beta-distribution. Markov’s model was used for modeling of the mortality rate. The modeling included the study of a hypothetical cohort of patients (1,000 patients with COVID-19). Besides, the authors evaluated the economic constitutive of the therapy with tocilizumab and dexamethasone. The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The indication of dexamethasone statistically significantly increases the survival rate by 3.1% and tocilizumab – by 22.5%. RE was 1.04 (95% CI 0.040–2.042) for dexamethasone and 1.66 (95% CI 0.400–2.917) for tocilizumab. The lower border of 95% CI for both drugs was within the range of values &lt;1, which was statistically significant. PAE for dexamethasone was 1.0% (95% CI –0.6–2.6), for tocilizumab – 16.5% (95% CI –0.7–33.7). Lower borders of 95% CI for both drugs ranged within negative values, which was not statistically significant. NNT (dexamethasone) was 32; NNT (tocilizumab) was 4. Markov’s modeling showed that the mortality rate among patients who received these drugs was 36 out of 1000 patients with COVID-19 for dexamethasone (initially distributed by the degree of severity according to the official statistical data) and 30 out of 1000 patients for tocilizumab, respectively. The cost of the treatment course with dexamethasone was 107.45 rub., tocilizumab – 78,827.20 rub. Clinical efficiency by the rate of cured patients obtained as a result of Markov’s modeling among patients with severe forms of COVID-19 for both drugs was comparable (0.964 for dexamethasone and 0.970 for tocilizumab) with slightly higher values for tocilizumab.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Despite relatively comparable clinical efficiency of dexamethasone and tocilizumab and a significantly higher cost the later, it is not impossible to replace tocilizumab with dexamethasone because of a great number of side effects and potential inter-drug interactions during the treatment of severe forms of COVID-19. In particular, dexamethasone therapy should be performed with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus. Procurement planning should be made taking account the reserves of tocilizumab for the stabilization of patients with cytokine storm when dexamethasone application is not safe.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Тяжелые формы COVID-19 сопряжены с развитием цитокинового шторма, который характеризуется повышенной секрецией провоспалительных цитокинов. Поэтому одной из ведущих стратегий лечения пациентов с тяжелыми формами COVID-19 является снижение концентрации провоспалительных цитокинов и нивелирование их действия на организм пациента.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: сравнительный анализ клинической и экономической составляющих использования ингибитора ИЛ-6 тоцилизумаба и системного глюкокортикостероида дексаметазона в терапии тяжелых форм COVID-19 на основании данных литературы.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Материалом послужили данные найденных в базе PubMed/MEDLINE литературных источников, посвященных исследованиям тоцилизумаба и дексаметазона в терапии тяжелых форм COVID-19. Анализ проводили путем статистической оценки их влияния на показатель выживаемости в течение 28 дней среди пациентов с тяжелым течением COVID-19. В качестве статистического инструмента были использованы методики атрибутивной статистики (атрибутивная эффективность, относительная эффективность (ОЭ), популяционная атрибутивная эффективность (ПАЭ). Для визуализации клинической эффективности сравниваемых препаратов использовали β-распределение. Для моделирования показателя смертности была применена марковская модель. В ходе моделирования исследовали гипотетическую когорту из 1000 пациентов с СOVID-19. Также была проведена оценка экономической составляющей терапии тоцизумабом и дексаметазоном. Был применен анализ «затраты–эффективность».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Использование дексаметазона статистически достоверно увеличивает вероятность выживания на 3,1%, тоцилизумаба – на 22,5%. ОЭ составила 1,04 (95% ДИ 0,040–2,042) для дексаметазона и 1,66 (95% ДИ 0,400–2,917) для тоцилизумаба. Нижние границы 95% ДИ для обоих лекарственных препаратов (ЛП) попадают в область значений менее 1, что не позволяет говорить о статистической значимости. ПАЭ для дексаметазона составила 1,0% (95% ДИ –0,6–2,6), для тоцилизумаба – 16,5% (95% ДИ –0,7–33,7). Нижние границы 95% ДИ для обоих ЛП попадают в область отрицательных значений, что также указывает на отсутствие статистической значимости данного показателя. NNT (дексаметазон) – 32; NNT (тоцилизумаб) – 4. Показатели смертности при использовании анализируемых ЛП по данным марковского моделирования составили в модельной группе 1000 пациентов с COVID-19, изначально распределяющихся по степеням тяжести в соответствии с данными официальной статистики, 36 случаев для дексаметазона и 30 случаев для тоцилизумаба. Стоимость курса дексаметазона составила 107,45 руб., тоцилизумаба – 78827,20 руб. Клиническая эффективность по показателю выздоровления, полученному в ходе марковского моделирования среди пациентов с тяжелым течением COVID-19 для обоих ЛП сопоставима (0,964 для дексаметазона и 0,970 для тоцилизумаба) с небольшим преимуществом у тоцилизумаба.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Несмотря на относительно сопоставимую клиническую эффективность исследуемых ЛП при значительном перевесе стоимости последнего нельзя полностью заменить использование тоцилизумаба дексаметазоном. Данное обстоятельство связано с большим количеством побочных эффектов ЛП и потенциальных межлекарственных взаимодействий, которые наблюдаются при терапии тяжелых форм COVID-19. В частности, терапия дексаметазоном должна проводиться с особой осторожностью у пациентов с сахарным диабетом. При планировании закупок необходимо учитывать наличие тоцилизумаба для стабилизации состояния больных с цитокиновым штормом, у которых использование дексаметазона опасно.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Тяжелые формы COVID-19</kwd><kwd>дексаметазон</kwd><kwd>тоцилизумаб</kwd><kwd>атрибутивная статистика</kwd><kwd>клиническая составляющая терапии</kwd><kwd>экономическая составляющая терапии</kwd><kwd>марковское моделирование</kwd><kwd>межлекарственные взаимодействия</kwd><kwd>бета-распределение клинических исходов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Severe form of COVID-19</kwd><kwd>dexamethasone</kwd><kwd>tocilizumab</kwd><kwd>attribute-based statistics</kwd><kwd>clinical constituent of therapy</kwd><kwd>economic constituent of therapy</kwd><kwd>Markov’s modeling</kwd><kwd>inter-drug interaction</kwd><kwd>beta-distribution of clinical outcomes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang X., Wei F., Hu L., Wen L., Chen K. 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