<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909.2017.10.2.003-011</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-194</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF THE COMMONLY PRACTICED PERIOPERATIVE ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS (BASED ON AN EARLIER EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY HOSPITALS)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинико-экономическая оценка эффективности и безопасности существующей практики проведения периоперационной антибиотикопрофилактики на оcнове фармакоэпидемиологического исследования в многопрофильных стационарах Санкт-Петербурга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гомон</surname><given-names>Ю. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gomon</surname><given-names>Yu. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м.н., ассистент кафедры клинической фармакологии и доказательной медицины;</p><p>врач-клинический фармаколог,</p><p>ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8, Санкт- Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of clinical pharmacology and evidence-based medicine;</p><p>clinical pharmacologist,</p><p>ul. L. Tolstogo, 6-8, Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gomonmd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колбин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolbin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой клинической фармакологии и доказательной медицины, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8, Санкт-Петербург, 197022;</p><p>профессор кафедры фармакологии медицинского факультета, 21-я линия, д. 8, В.О., Санкт-Петербург, 199106</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor, Head of Department of clinical pharmacology and evidence-based medicine, ul. L. Tolstogo, 6-8, Saint-Petersburg, 197022;</p><p>Professor, Department of Pharmakology, 21-Line, 8, VO, Saint-Petersburg, 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex.kolbin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоренкo</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorenko</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м.н., профессор, руководитель отдела, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела молекулярной микробиологии и эпидемиологии,</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 9. Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor, Head of Department of molecular microbiology and epidemiology,</p><p>ul. Professora Popova, 9, Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">niidi@niidi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кужель</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzhel’</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>директор,</p><p>ул. Коли Томчака, д. 9, лит. А. Санкт-Петербург, 196084</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head,</p><p>ul. Koli Tomchaka, 9 A, Saint-Petersburg, 196084</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tfoms@tfoms.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Репина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Repina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заместитель директора,</p><p>ул. Коли Томчака, д. 9, лит. А. Санкт-Петербург, 196084</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Director,</p><p>ul. Koli Tomchaka, 9 A, Saint-Petersburg, 196084</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tfoms@tfoms.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобзин</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobzin</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, академик РАН, профессор, директор,</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 9. Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Member of the Russian Academy of Science, Professor, Head,</p><p>ul. Professora Popova, 9, Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">niidi@niidi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балыкина</surname><given-names>Ю. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Balykina</surname><given-names>Yu. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м.н., доцент кафедры математического моделирования энергетических систем,</p><p>Университетский пр., 35, Петергоф, Санкт-Петербург, 198504</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor, Department of mathematic simulation,</p><p>Universitetskiy pr., 35, Peterhof, Saint-Petersburg, 198504</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">j.balykina@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени И. П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации;&#13;
СПб ГБУЗ «Городская больница Святого Великомученика Георгия»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">First Pavlov State Medical University, Health Ministry of Russian Federation;&#13;
St. George City Hospital<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет&#13;
имени И. П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">First Pavlov State Medical University, Health Ministry of Russian Federation;&#13;
Saint-Petersburg State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт детских инфекций&#13;
Федерального медико-биологического агентства России»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Children’s Infections, Federal Medico-Biological Agency<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГУ «Территориальный фонд обязательного медицинского страхования Санкт-Петербурга»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Territorial Fund of Compulsory Medical Insurance<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>08</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Gomon Y.M., Kolbin A.S., Sidorenko S.V., Kuzhel’ A.M., Repina A.V., Lobzin Y.V., Balykina Y.E., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гомон Ю.М., Колбин А.С., Сидоренкo С.В., Кужель А.М., Репина А.В., Лобзин Ю.В., Балыкина Ю.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gomon Y.M., Kolbin A.S., Sidorenko S.V., Kuzhel’ A.M., Repina A.V., Lobzin Y.V., Balykina Y.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/194">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/194</self-uri><abstract><p>A survey conducted in four hospitals located in the city of St. Petersburg revealed that the commonly used perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) did not follow (in 88% of cases) the guidelines approved for national clinical practice.</p><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of the commonly practiced PAP among patients with clean, clean-contaminated and contaminated surgical wounds in a multidisciplinary hospital.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The PAP cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using the data from a multicenter epidemiological survey and previously conducted studies. The Markov model was used to compare the effectiveness and safety of the commonly used PAP with that recommended by the clinical practice guidelines. The rate of surgical site infection (SSI) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) were chosen for the endpoints.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The costs associated with a single case of PAP according to the clinical practice guidelines was 3.5 times less than that associated with the PAP used in the common practice (RUB 4913,67 and 17837,71 respectively). The present analysis demonstrates that the PAP recommended by the clinical practice guidelines was more cost-effective as compared with the commonly practiced PAP.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Regular epidemiological monitoring is required to improve effectiveness and safety of the existing PAP practice. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Целью исследования является клинико-экономическая оценка эффективности и безопасности существующей практики назначения периоперационной антибиотикопрофилактики.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. На основании данных фармакоэпидемиологического исследования, проведенного в четырех многопрофильных стационарах г. Санкт-Петербурга, оценена реальная практика проведения периоперационной антибиотикопрофилактики (ПАП) инфекций области хирургического вмешательства (ИОХВ), которая в абсолютном большинстве случаев (88%) не соответствовала клиническим рекомендациям. Построена модель анализа решений относительно эффективности и безопасности ПАП в реальной практике в сравнении с ПАП в соответствии с клиническими рекомендациями. В качестве критериев эффективности выбраны частота ИОХВ и число случаев предотвращенной антибиотик-ассоциированной диареи (ААД). Проведен анализ «затраты-эффективность».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Стоимость одного случая ПАП, проведенной по протоколу, с учетом прямых и непрямых затрат меньше таковой, используемой в реальной практике, более чем в 3,5 раза (4913,67 руб. и 17837,71 руб., соответственно). Анализ «затраты-эффективность» показал, что стратегия применения ПАП по протоколу доминировала перед стратегией проведения ПАП в реальной практике: при меньших затратах она имела наибольший прирост эффективности.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Для оптимизации потребления АМП с целью ПАП в каждом стационаре необходим периодический фармакоэпидемиологический мониторинг существующей практики проведения ПАП. Соблюдение основных принципов ПАП наряду с мерами инфекционного контроля является одной из возможностей минимизировать затраты, связанные с ее неэффективностью. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Периоперационная антибиотикопрофилактика</kwd><kwd>инфекции области хирургического вмешательства</kwd><kwd>антибиотик-ассоциированная диарея</kwd><kwd>анализ «затраты-эффективность»</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Perioperative prophylaxis</kwd><kwd>surgical site infection</kwd><kwd>cost-effectiveness analysis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насер Н. Р. Принципы оптимизации эмпирической антибактериальной терапии больных с неотложной хирургической патологией в многопрофильном стационаре. Дисс. … докт. мед .наук, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naser N. R. Principles of optimization of empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with urgent surgical pathology in a multidisciplinary hospital. MD diss. [Printsipy optimizatsii empiricheskoi antibakterial’noi terapii  bol’nykh s neotlozhnoi khirurgicheskoi patologiei v mnogoprofil’nom statsionare. Diss. … dokt. med. nauk. (in Russian)]. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голуб А. В., Козлов Р. С. Рациональная антибиотикотерапия – путь к сохранению активности антибиотиков. Врач. Спецвыпуск «Инфекционные болезни». 2015; 1: 4-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golub A. V., Kozlov R. S. Vrach. Spetsvypusk «Infektsionnye bolezni». 2015; 1: 4-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидоренко С. В., Колбин А. С., Шляпников С. А. Фармакоэпидемиологическое исследование использования антибактериальных средств в многопрофильном стационаре. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2017; 5 (6).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorenko S. V., Kolbin A. S., Shlyapnikov S. A. Farmakoepidemiologicheskoe issledovanie ispol’zovaniya antibakterial’nykh sredstv v mnogoprofil’nom statsionare. Antibiot Khimioter. 2017; 5 (6).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Culver et al. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. Am J Med. 1991; 91: (3B).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Culver et al. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. Am J Med. 1991; 91: (3B).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report,data summary from January 1992 through June 2003, issued August 2003. Am J Infect Control. 2003; 31: 481-498.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report,data summary from January 1992 through June 2003, issued August 2003. Am J Infect Control. 2003; 31: 481-498.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Об утверждении отраслевого стандарта «Клинико-экономические исследования. Общие положения». Приказ №163 Министерства Здравоохранения Российской Федерации от 27.05.2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On approval of the branch standard “Clinico-economic studies. General provisions”. Order No. 163 Of The Ministry Of Health Of The Russian Federation of 27.05.2011 [Ob utverzhdenii otraslevogo standarta «Kliniko-ekonomicheskie issledovaniya Obshchie polozheniya». Prikaz №163 Ministerstva Zdravookhraneniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 27.05.2011 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические рекомендации по оценке влияния на бюджет в рамках реализации программы Государственных гарантий бесплатного оказания гражданам медицинской помощи. ФГБУ «ЦЭККМП» Минздрава России. Утверждены приказом ФГБУ «ЦЭККМП» Минздрава России от «23» декабря 2016 г. No 145-од. М. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guidelines for the assessment of the impact of the budget in the framework of the program of State guarantees of free rendering to citizens of medical aid. FSBI “ZECKE” Ministry of health of Russia. Approved by order of the fgbi “ZECKE” Ministry of health of Russia from 23 December 2016 No 145-od. [Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po otsenke vliyaniya na byudzhet v ramkakh realizatsii programmy Gosudarstvennykh garantii besplatnogo okazaniya grazhdanam meditsinskoi pomoshchi. FGBU «TsEKKMP» Minzdrava Rossii. Utverzhdeny prikazom FGBU «TsEKKMP» Minzdrava Rossii ot «23» dekabrya 2016 g. No 145-od (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические рекомендации по проведению сравнительной клинико-экономической оценки Лекарственного препарата. ФГБУ «ЦЭККМП» Минздрава России. Утверждены приказом ФГБУ «ЦЭК-КМП» Минздрава России от «23» декабря 2016 г. No 145-од. М. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Methodological recommendations for comparative clinical and economic evaluation of a drug. FSBI “ZECKE” Ministry of health of Russia. Approved by order of the fgbi “ZECKE” Ministry of health of Russia from 23 December 2016 No 145-od. [Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po provedeniyu sravnitel’noi kliniko-ekonomicheskoi otsenki Lekarstvennogo preparata. FGBU «TsEKKMP» Minzdrava Rossii. Utverzhdeny prikazom FGBU «TsEKKMP» Minzdrava Rossii ot «23» dekabrya 2016 g. No 145-od (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Основные понятия в оценке медицинских технологий: метод. пособие. Под. ред. А. С. Колбина, С. К., Зырянова, Д. Ю., Белоусова. М. 2013; 42 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basic concepts in health technology assessment: method. allowance. Under. edited by A. S. Kolbin, S. K. Zyryanov, D. Yu. Belousov [Osnovnye ponyatiya v otsenke meditsinskikh tekhnologii: metod. posobie. Pod. red. A. S. Kolbina, S. K. Zyryanova, D.Yu. Belousova (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2013; 42 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авксентьев М. А., Герасимов Б. В., Сура М. В. Клинико-экономический анализ (оценка выбор медицинских технологий и управления качеством медицинской помощи). Под общ. ред. П. А. Воробьева. М. 2004; 404 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avksent’ev M. A., Gerasimov B. V., Sura M. V. Clinical and economic analysis (assessment of the choice of medical technologies and quality management of medical care). Under the General editorship of P. A. Vorobyov [Kliniko-ekonomicheskii analiz (otsenka vybor meditsinskikh tekhnologii i upravleniya kachestvom meditsinskoi pomoshchi). Pod obshch. red. P. A. Vorob’eva (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2004; 404 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусов Ю. Б. Планирование и проведение клинических исследований лекарственных Средств. М. 2000; 579 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousov Yu. B. Planning and conduct of clinical trials of medicines [Planirovanie i provedenie klinicheskikh issledovanii lekarstvennykh sredstv (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2000; 579 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walley T., Haycox А., Boland A. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004; 216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walley T., Haycox A., Boland A. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004; 216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральные клинические рекомендации «Принципы организации периоперационной антибиотикопрофилактики в учреждениях здравоохранения», МАКМАХ, НАСКИ, 2014 г.) URL: http://nasci.ru/_resources/directory/198/common/2014_9_PAP_new.pdf/ (дата обращения 22.05.2017)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal clinical recommendations “the Principles of organization of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in health care”, MAKKAH, NAZCA, 2014. URL: http://nasci.ru/_resources/directory/198/common/2014_9_PAP_new.pdf/ (Accessed: 22.05.2017)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carignan A., Allard C., Pépin J. et al. Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection after Perioperative Antibacterial Prophylaxis before and during an Outbreak of Infection due to a Hypervirulent Strain. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008; 46: 1838-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carignan A., Allard C., Pépin J. et al. Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection after Perioperative Antibacterial Prophylaxis before and during an Outbreak of Infection due to a Hypervirulent Strain. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008; 46: 1838-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaishnavi C. Established and potential riskfactors for Clostridum difficile infection. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009; 27 (4): 289-300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaishnavi C. Established and potential riskfactors for Clostridum difficile infection.Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009; 27 (4): 289-300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loo V. G., Poirier L., Miller M. A. et al. A predominantly clonal multiinstitutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2442-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loo V. G., Poirier L., Miller M. A. et al. A predominantly clonal multiinstitutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2442-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kreisel D., Savel T. G., Silver A. L. et al. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and Clostridium difficile toxin positivity. Arch Surg. 1995; 130: 989-993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreisel D., Savel T. G., Silver A. L. et al. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and Clostridium difficile toxin positivity. Arch Surg. 1995; 130: 989-993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDonald A. H., Cleland H. J., Leung M. et al. Slattery PG. Ring avulsion injuries. Aust N Z J Surg. 1999; 69: 514-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDonald A. H., Cleland H. J., Leung M. et al. Slattery PG. Ring avulsion injuries. Aust N Z J Surg. 1999; 69: 514-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castella A., Charrier L., Di Legami V. et al. Surgical site infection surveillance: analysisof adherence to recommendations for routine infection control practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006; 27: 835-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castella A., Charrier L., Di Legami V. et al. Surgical site infection surveillance: analysis of adherence to recommendations for routine infection control practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006; 27: 835-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tourmousoglou C. E., Yiannakopoulou E. Ch., Kalapothaki V. et al. Adherence to guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis in general surgery: a critical appraisal. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008; 61: 214-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tourmousoglou C. E., Yiannakopoulou E. Ch., Kalapothaki V. et al. Adherence to guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis in general surgery: a critical appraisal. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008; 61: 214-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heineck I., Ferreira M. B., Schenkel E. P. Pescribing practice for antibiotic prophylaxis for 3 commonly performed surgeries in a teaching hospital in Brazil. Am J Infect Control 1999; 27: 296-300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heineck I., Ferreira M. B., Schenkel E. P. Pescribing practice for antibiotic prophylaxis for 3 commonly performed surgeries in a teaching hospital in Brazil. Am J Infect Control. 1999; 27:  296-300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hosoglu S., Sunbul M., Erol S. et al. A national survey of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in Turkey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003; 24: 758-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hosoglu S., Sunbul M., Erol S., et al. A national survey of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in Turkey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003; 24: 758-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Kasteren M. E., Manniën J., Ott A. et al. Antibiotic Prophylaxis and the Risk of Surgical Site Infections following Total Hip Arthroplasty: Timely Administration Is the Most Important Factor. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007; 44: 921-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Kasteren M. E., Manniën J., Ott A. et al. Antibiotic Prophylaxis and the Risk of Surgical Site Infections following Total Hip Arthroplasty: Timely Administration Is the Most Important Factor. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007; 44: 921-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiara S. et al. Prolongation of antibiotic prophylaxis after clean and clean-contaminated surgery and surgical site infection. Minerva Anestesiologica. 2010; 76 (6): 413-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiara S. et al. Prolongation of antibiotic prophylaxis after clean and clean-contaminated surgery and surgical site infection. Minerva Anestesiologica. 2010; 76 (6): 413-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klevens R. M. et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep. 2007; 122 (2): 160-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klevens R. M. et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep. 2007; 122 (2): 160-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прейскурант цен на оказание платных медицинских услуг, НИИ СП, 2017. URL: http://www.emergency.spb.ru/services/paid/328-price/ (дата обращения: 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Price list for the provision of paid medical services, research institutes SP, 2017. URL: http://www.emergency.spb.ru/services/paid/328-price/ (Accessed: 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Генеральное тарифное соглашение, СПб, 2017. URL: http://www.spboms.ru/ (дата обращения 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The General tariff agreement, SPb, 2017. URL: http://www.spboms.ru/ (Accessed: 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральный закон от 29.12.2006 N 255-ФЗ (ред. от 03.12.2011) «Об обязательном социальном страховании на случай временной нетрудоспособности и в связи с материнством». URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64871/ (дата обращения 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal law of 29.12.2006 N 255-FZ (as amended on 03.12.2011) “On compulsory social insurance against temporary disability and in connection with motherhood” URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64871/ (Accessed: 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральная служба государственной статистики. URL: http://www.gsk.ru/ (дата обращения 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal state statistics service URL: http://www.gsk.ru/(Accessed: 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Постановление Правительства РФ от 04.12.2014 №1316 «О предельной величине базы для начисления страховых взносов в Фонд социального страхования Российской Федерации и Пенсионный фонд Российской Федерации с 01 января 2015 года». URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_171922/ (дата обращения 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The decree of the RF Government dated 04.12.2014 No. 1316 “On the limit value base for calculating insurance contributions to the social insurance Fund of the Russian Federation and the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation from January 01, 2015.” URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_171922/ (Accessed: 22.05.2017).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беденков А. В. Фармакоэпидемиологическая и фармакоэкономическая оценка периоперационной ПАП в абдоминальной хирургии. Дисс. … канд. мед. наук. М. 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bedenkov A. V. Pharmacoepidemiological and pharmacoeconomic evaluation of perioperative DAD in abdominal surgery. PhD diss. [Farmakoepidemiologicheskaya i farmakoekonomicheskaya otsenka perioperatsionnoi PAP v abdominal’noi khirurgii. Diss. … kand. med. Nauk (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Писаренко Д. В. с соавт. Экономическая оценка периоперационной антибиотикорофилактики у пациентов урологического профиля. Медицинский альманах. 2013; 2 (26): 191-194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pisarenko D. V. et al. Meditsinskii al’manakh. 2013; 2 (26): 191-194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Елисеев А. В. с соавт. Сравнительный фармакоэкономический анализ и качественная оценка способов ПАП при проведении хирургического лечения катаракты. Качественная клиническая практика. 2016; 2: 24-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eliseev A. V. et al. Kachestvennaya klinicheskaya praktika. 2016; 2: 24-28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coello R., Charlett A., Wilson J. et al. Adverse impact of surgical site infections in English hospitals. J Hosp Infect. 2005; 60 (2): 93-103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coello R., Charlett A., Wilson J. et al. Adverse impact of surgical site infections in English hospitals. J Hosp Infect. 2005; 60 (2): 93-103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janks P. J. et al. Clinical and economic burden of surgical site infection (SSI) and predicted financial consequences of elimination of SSI from an English hospital. The journal of hospital infection. Jan 2014; 86 (1): 24-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janks P. J. et al. Clinical and economic burden of surgical site infection (SSI) and predicted financial consequences of elimination of SSI from an English hospital. The journal of hospital infection. Jan 2014; 86 (1): 24-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitehouse J. D. et al. The impact of surgical-site infections following orthopedic surgery at a community hospital and a university hospital: adverse quality of life, excess length of stay, and extra cost. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002; 23 (4):183-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitehouse J. D. et al. The impact of surgical-site infections following orthopedic surgery at a community hospital and a university hospital: adverse quality of life, excess length of stay, and extra cost. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002; 23 (4):183-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
