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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2026.372</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-1428</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Artificial intelligence in healthcare: historical development, terminology, concepts, and classifications</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Искусственный интеллект в здравоохранении: история развития, термины и понятия, классификации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-0488</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корабельников</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korabelnikov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Корабельников Даниил Иванович, к.м.н., доцент </p><p>2-я Брестская ул., д. 5, Москва 123056</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil I. Korabelnikov, MD, PhD, Assoc. Prof. </p><p>5 2nd Brestskaya Str., Moscow 123056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-6018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ламоткин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lamotkin</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ламоткин Андрей Игоревич, к.м.н. </p><p>2-я Брестская ул., д. 5, Москва 123056</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey I. Lamotkin, MD, PhD </p><p>5 2nd Brestskaya Str., Moscow 123056</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lamotkin.an@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7707-441X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ламоткин</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lamotkin</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ламоткин Игорь Анатольевич, д.м.н., проф.</p><p>2-я Брестская ул., д. 5, Москва 123056; Госпитальная пл., д. 1–3, стр. 1, Москва 105094</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Lamotkin, Dr. Sci. Med., Prof. </p><p>5 2nd Brestskaya Str., Moscow 123056; 1–3 bldg 1 Gospitalnaya Sq., Moscow 105229</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Автономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования «Московский медико-социальный институт им. Ф.П. Гааза»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Haass Medical and Social Institute<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Автономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования «Московский медико-социальный институт им. Ф.П. Гааза»; Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Главный военный клинический госпиталь им. академика Н.Н. Бурденко» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Haass Medical and Social Institute; Burdenko Main Military Clinical Hospital<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>1428</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Korabelnikov D.I., Lamotkin A.I., Lamotkin I.A., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Корабельников Д.И., Ламоткин А.И., Ламоткин И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korabelnikov D.I., Lamotkin A.I., Lamotkin I.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1428">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1428</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a central role in contemporary medicine. The rapid increase in the number of developed approved software products, the deployment of clinical decision support systems, and the growing body of published research indicate that AI technologies are transitioning from the experimental stage to routine clinical use. However, the field still lacks unified terminology and a systematic classification of AI-based medical software.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To develop a coherent terminology and classification framework for AI in medicine; to compare major AI architectures; and to define several new concepts needed to describe contemporary AI software architectures.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and regulatory databases (FDA, EMA) was conducted. Eligible sources included peer-reviewed publications and regulatory guidance documents in English and Russian (1950–2025). Terminology systematization and classification were performed using content analysis, and internationally established terms were adapted to Russian-language usage through expert consensus.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The article examines the development of AI in clinical medicine and healthcare, tracing its progression from the expert systems of the 1970s to contemporary large language models and multimodal systems. It systematizes the major neural network architectures used in medical AI, including convolutional neural networks (CNN), vision transformers (ViT), hybrid CNN+ViT architectures, recurrent neural network (RNN) models, long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, and transformer-based large language model (LLM) (such as bidirectional encoder representations from transformer, BERT), and generative pre-trained transformer (GPT). This analysis provides a comprehensive classification of modern neural network architectures and AI systems according to modality, number of models, and deployment setting, and formulates practical recommendations to support method selection. In addition, the study systematizes and adapts the concepts of “inference”, “single-model/multi-model AI”, “computer vision program”, and recommends their standardized use in Russian-language medical terminology.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The development of a unified terminology and standardized approaches to the classification and validation of AI programs is essential for their safe and effective clinical application.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Искусственный интеллект (ИИ) занимает все более значимое место в современной медицине. Нарастающее число разработанных и зарегистрированных программ, внедренных систем поддержки принятия клинических решений и научных исследований свидетельствуют о качественном переходе технологий ИИ из экспериментальной фазы в фазу практического применения. Вместе с тем отсутствует единая терминологическая база, систематизированная классификация программ ИИ.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: систематизировать терминологический аппарат, классификации и сравнить архитектуры ИИ, ввести и обосновать ряд новых понятий, необходимых для описания современных архитектур программ ИИ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проведен систематический поиск литературы в базах данных PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science и нормативных базах данных (FDA, EMA). Критерии включения: рецензируемые публикации и нормативные руководящие документы на английском и русском языках (1950–2025 гг.). Для систематизации и классификации терминологии использовался контент-анализ, а для адаптации общепринятых на международном уровне терминов к русскому языку применялся консенсус экспертов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Проведен анализ развития ИИ в клинической медицине и здравоохранении от экспертных систем 1970-х гг. до современных больших языковых моделей и мультимодальных систем. Систематизированы типы архитектур нейронных сетей: сверточные нейронные сети (англ. convolutional neural network, CNN), визуальные трансформеры (англ. vision transformer, ViT), гибридные архитектуры CNN+ViT, рекуррентные сети (англ. recurrent neural network  / long short-term memory, RNN/LSTM) и большие языковые модели (англ. large language model, LLM) на архитектуре трансформера (англ. bidirectional encoder representations from transformer, BERT; generative pre-trained transformer, GPT). Предложена полная классификация современных архитектур нейронных сетей и систем ИИ по модальности, количеству моделей и месту развертывания с практическими рекомендациями по выбору метода. Систематизированы, адаптированы и предложены к стандартизированному использованию в русскоязычной медицинской терминологии понятия «инференс», «одномодельная/мультимодельная система ИИ», «программа компьютерного зрения».</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Формирование единого терминологического пространства и стандартизированных подходов к классификации и валидации программ ИИ является необходимым условием их безопасного и эффективного клинического применения.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd><kwd>трансформеры</kwd><kwd>мультимодельные системы</kwd><kwd>мультимодальные системы</kwd><kwd>обработка естественного языка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>neural network</kwd><kwd>classification</kwd><kwd>transformer</kwd><kwd>multi-model system</kwd><kwd>multimodal system</kwd><kwd>natural language processing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faiyazuddin M., Rahman S.J.Q., Anand G., et al. 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