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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2026.383</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-1426</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Strategies for antiviral treatment of COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome: a narrative review of evidence-based approaches and pharmacoeconomic considerations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Стратегии противовирусного лечения COVID-19 и постковидного синдрома: нарративный обзор доказательной базы и фармакоэкономических аспектов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6419-3464</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зыкина</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zykina</surname><given-names>S. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зыкина София Андреевна</p><p>ул. Коммунаров, д. 281, Ижевск 426034</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sofia A. Zykina </p><p>281 Kommunarov Str., Izhevsk 426034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sofi.najdenova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8829-8356</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турижанова</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turizhanova</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Турижанова Алия Коншпаевна</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, Москва 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aliya K. Turizhanova </p><p>1 bldg 6 Ostrovityanov Str., Moscow 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0808-0491</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салпагаров</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salpagarov</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Салпагаров Исса Романович</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, Москва 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Issa R. Salpagarov </p><p>1 bldg 6 Ostrovityanov Str., Moscow 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4512-8693</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полякова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakova</surname><given-names>D. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полякова Диана Александровна</p><p>ул. Кирочная, д. 41, Санкт-Петербург 191015</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana A. Polyakova </p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3115-0062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Темиев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Temiev</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Темиев Альмалик Амирханович</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, Москва 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Almalik A. Temiev </p><p>1 bldg 6 Ostrovityanov Str., Moscow 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7389-2204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гойал</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goyal</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гойал Карина </p><p>ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8, Санкт-Петербург 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karina Goyal </p><p>6-8 Lev Tolstoy Str., Saint Petersburg 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6193-4657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нигматуллина</surname><given-names>К. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nigmatullina</surname><given-names>К. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нигматуллина Карина Рустемовна </p><p>ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8, Санкт-Петербург 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karina R. Nigmatullina </p><p>6-8 Lev Tolstoy Str., Saint Petersburg 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3500-345X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесова</surname><given-names>Ф. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesova</surname><given-names>F. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колесова Фаина Игоревна </p><p>ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8, Санкт-Петербург 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faina I. Kolesova </p><p>6-8 Lev Tolstoy Str., Saint Petersburg 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1269-561X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чотчаева</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chotchaeva</surname><given-names>А. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чотчаева Аминат Дагировна </p><p>Литовская ул., д. 2, Санкт-Петербург 194100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aminat D. Chotchaeva </p><p>2 Litovskaya Str., Saint Petersburg 194100</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3149-0003</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пермякова</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Permyakova</surname><given-names>А. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пермякова Александра Романовна </p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, Москва 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra R. Permyakova </p><p>1 bldg 6 Ostrovityanov Str., Moscow 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7312-3493</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богатинова</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogatinova</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Богатинова Дарья Денисовна</p><p>ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8, Санкт-Петербург 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria D. Bogatinova </p><p>6-8 Lev Tolstoy Str., Saint Petersburg 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8942-5248</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдуллаева</surname><given-names>С. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdullaeva</surname><given-names>С. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абдуллаева Судаба Ровшан кызы </p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, Москва 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sudaba R. Abdullaeva </p><p>1 bldg 6 Ostrovityanov Str., Moscow 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1126-9740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобцева</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobtseva</surname><given-names>К. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кобцева Кристина Сергеевна </p><p>пр-т Солидарности, д. 1, к. 1, лит. А, Санкт-Петербург 193312</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina S. Kobtseva </p><p>1 corp. 1, lit. А Solidarnosti Ave, Saint Petersburg 193312</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Ижевский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургское государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Городская поликлиника № 25 Невского района»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">City Polyclinic No. 25 of the Nevsky District<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>1426</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zykina S.А., Turizhanova А.К., Salpagarov I.R., Polyakova D.А., Temiev А.А., Goyal К., Nigmatullina К.R., Kolesova F.I., Chotchaeva А.D., Permyakova А.R., Bogatinova D.D., Abdullaeva С.R., Kobtseva К.S., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зыкина С.А., Турижанова А.К., Салпагаров И.Р., Полякова Д.А., Темиев А.А., Гойал К., Нигматуллина К.Р., Колесова Ф.И., Чотчаева А.Д., Пермякова А.Р., Богатинова Д.Д., Абдуллаева С.Р., Кобцева К.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zykina S.А., Turizhanova А.К., Salpagarov I.R., Polyakova D.А., Temiev А.А., Goyal К., Nigmatullina К.R., Kolesova F.I., Chotchaeva А.D., Permyakova А.R., Bogatinova D.D., Abdullaeva С.R., Kobtseva К.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1426">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1426</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) presents with significant clinical heterogeneity and is associated with reduced quality of life, impaired status, and diminished work capacity. As no causal therapy for PCS has been approved, it is essential to distinguish the role of early antiviral treatment during acute COVID-19 (which may mitigate the risk of long-term sequelae) from the use of antiviral agents in patients with established PCS.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To review the clinical, pharmacological, technological, and pharmacoeconomic factors underlying the use of contemporary antiviral strategies for COVID-19 and PCS.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A narrative review was conducted in accordance with the SANRA scale criteria and the CHEERS 2022 statement for reporting economic evaluations. The literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka. Eligible publications included randomized and observational clinical trials, systematic reviews, pharmacoeconomic evaluations, and research on antiviral agents, biological therapeutics, and emerging drug delivery technologies.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Strong evidence supports early initiation of antiviral therapy in high-risk patients during acute COVID-19. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir demonstrates the greatest clinical benefit in reducing hospitalization and mortality rates, although its effect on PCS risk remains uncertain. Remdesivir use is limited by its intravenous administration and the associated healthcare resource utilization, while molnupiravir is generally considered alternative. The economic value of monoclonal antibodies depends on the susceptibility of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. In the STOP-PASC trial, a 15-day course of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir showed no meaningful improvement in symptoms among patients with established PCS. Small interfering RNAs, nanoformulations, prodrugs, and intranasal delivery systems are supported primarily by preclinical or early-phase clinical data. Pharmacoeconomic assessments should distinguish between preventing PCS and treating established PCS, while accounting for disease phenotype, quality of life, work capacity, and rehabilitation needs.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Routine use of antiviral agents in established PCS is not supported by current evidence. Further investigation may be warranted in subgroups with indications of viral or antigenic persistence. Early antiviral therapy for acute COVID-19 in high-risk patients remains justified, although its potential to prevent PCS requires further evaluation.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Постковидный синдром (ПКС) характеризуется выраженной клинической неоднородностью и сопровождается снижением качества жизни, трудоспособности и функционального статуса пациентов. Отсутствие утвержденных этиотропных схем лечения обусловливает необходимость четко разграничивать раннюю противовирусную терапию острого COVID-19, потенциально способную предотвращать неблагоприятные отдаленные исходы, а также применение противовирусных препаратов при уже сформированном ПКС.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: систематизировать клинические, фармакологические, технологические и фармакоэкономические предпосылки применения современных противовирусных стратегий при COVID-19 и ПКС.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Выполнен нарративный обзор с учетом критериев шкалы SANRA и принципов представления экономических оценок CHEERS 2022. Поиск публикаций проведен с помощью электронных библиографических ресурсов PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, eLibrary и КиберЛенинка. Проанализированы рандомизированные и наблюдательные клинические исследования, систематические обзоры, фармакоэкономические оценки и публикации, посвященные противовирусным препаратам, биологическим средствам и перспективным технологиям доставки.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Наиболее обоснованным сценарием является раннее назначение противовирусной терапии пациентам с высоким риском прогрессирования острого COVID-19. Комбинация «нирматрелвир + ритонавир» обладает наиболее выраженной доказательной базой в отношении снижения частоты госпитализаций и уровня смертности, между тем возможное влияние на риск ПКС окончательно не установлено. Применение ремдесивира ограничивается внутривенным введением и связанными с ним организационными затратами, молнупиравир преимущественно рассматривается как альтернативный вариант. Экономическая ценность моноклональных антител зависит от чувствительности циркулирующих вариантов SARS-CoV-2. В исследовании STOP-PASC 15-дневный курс терапии комбинированным препаратом «нирматрелвир + ритонавир» не обеспечивал значимого улучшения симптомов у пациентов с уже сформированным ПКС. Малые интерферирующие РНК, наноформуляции, пролекарства и интраназальные системы доставки имеют преимущественно доклиническое или раннее клиническое обоснование. При фармакоэкономической оценке необходимо раздельно учитывать профилактику ПКС и лечение сформированного синдрома, а также фенотип заболевания, качество жизни, трудоспособность и потребность в реабилитации.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Рутинное назначение противовирусных препаратов при сформированном ПКС в настоящее время не подтверждено достаточными доказательствами. Их дальнейшее изучение целесообразно в группах с признаками вирусной или антигенной персистенции. Ранняя терапия острого COVID-19 у пациентов из группы высокого риска может быть обоснованна, но ее влияние на профилактику ПКС требует дальнейшего подтверждения и более углубленного исследования.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>постковидный синдром</kwd><kwd>противовирусные препараты</kwd><kwd>нирматрелвир</kwd><kwd>ритонавир</kwd><kwd>ремдесивир</kwd><kwd>молнупиравир</kwd><kwd>фармакоэкономика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>post-COVID syndrome</kwd><kwd>antiviral agents</kwd><kwd>nirmatrelvir</kwd><kwd>ritonavir</kwd><kwd>remdesivir</kwd><kwd>molnupiravir</kwd><kwd>pharmacoeconomics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Канорский С.Г. Постковидный синдром: распространенность и патогенез органных поражений, направления коррекции. Систематический обзор. 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