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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2025.275</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-1183</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Amelioration of histopathological damage in mice with induced hyperlipidemia by terpenes and phytosterols extracted from Iraqi chickpea</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уменьшение патогистологических повреждений у мышей с индуцированной гиперлипидемией под воздействием терпенов и фитостеринов из иракского нута</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1080-0393</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хвериф</surname><given-names>Н. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hwerif</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нихал Рамадхан Хвериф</p><p>Баб Аль-Муадхам, Багдад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nihal Ramadhan Hwerif</p><p>Kadhimiya-street 60 Imam Khadhimin Medical City, Baghdad</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nihal.ramadan@nahrainuniv.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4514-3892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абу Рагхиф</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abu Raghif</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ахмед Рахма Абу Рагхиф</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 8950029500</p><p>Баб Аль-Муадхам, Багдад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ahmed Rahmah Abu Raghif </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 8950029500</p><p>Kadhimiya-street 60 Imam Khadhimin Medical City, Baghdad</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0010-2512</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадхим</surname><given-names>E. Дж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadhim</surname><given-names>E. J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Энас Джавад Кадхим</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 56149522600</p><p>Кадхимия – ул. Имама Кадима, д. 60, Медикал-Сити, Багдад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Enas Jawad Kadhim</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 56149522600</p><p>Bab Al Mu'adham, Baghdad</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет Аль-Нахрейн<country>Ирак</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University<country>Iraq</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Багдадский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Hwerif N.R., Abu Raghif A.R., Kadhim E.J., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хвериф Н.Р., Абу Рагхиф А.Р., Кадхим E.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hwerif N.R., Abu Raghif A.R., Kadhim E.J.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1183">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1183</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To compare the amelioration effects of terpenes and phytosterols extracted from Iraqi chickpea on histopathological damage in mice fed on high-fat diet (HFD).</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Whole chickpea plants of the Fabaceae family were collected during the flowering period in the northern area of Erbil. The collected plants were cleaned, dried in a shaded area at room temperature, pulverized with mechanical mills, and weighed. Experiments were conducted from October 2021 to April 2022. The research involved 32 healthy albino male mice 2–3 months of age, weighing about 20–30 g. The animals were provided by the Higher Institute for Diagnosis of Infertility and Assisted Reproduction Techniques. One week prior to the onset of the experiment, the animals were acclimatized to standard environmental conditions; food and water were provided ad libitum. HFD (2% cholesterol and 1% peanut butter) was added to the standard diet for 28 days to induce hyperlipidemia. In all experimental groups, the body weight was measured weekly. The terpenes and phytosterol fraction extracted from Iraqi chickpea was administered for 28 days via an intragastric tube. Mice were kept fasting for 24 hours and blood samples were extracted via heart puncture. Standard diagnostic kits and an automated analyzer were used for estimation of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very lowdensity lipoproteins (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels. The animals were sacrificed, then their liver and heart organs were removed for assay.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Histopathological examination of the hyperlipidemic mice group showed a marked and diffused cytoplasmic fatty infiltration of hepatic and cardiac cells. These effects were successfully ameliorated by administration of terpenes and phytosterols, although treatment with terpenes seemed to be more effective than that with phytosterols. In comparison with phytosterol treatment, terpene treatment in HFDinduced hyperlipidemic mice led to an improvement in lipid profiles, manifested in a highly significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the serum levels of TC (142.40±14.43 mg/dl), TG (98.89±8.71 mg/dl), LDL (79.43±15.14 mg/dl), and VLDL (19.78±1.74 mg/dl); with a highly significant (p≤0.05) decrease in the liver enzymatic activities of (ALT (19.19±1.36 U/l), AST (15.98±1.3 U/l), and ALP (20.99±4.43 U/l)) and TSB levels (1.60±0.12 mg/dl) (highly significantly differences with p≤0.05). Terpenes also led to a statistically significant improvement in the level of tissue malondialdehyde and glutathione in hyperlipidemic mice (p≤0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In comparison with phytosterols, terpenes exhibit a highly significant ameliorating effect in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, improving the state of liver and heart tissue, lipid profile, liver function enzymes, and oxidative stress parameters. Further research should assess the efficacy of terpenes and phytosterols and to elucidate the mechanism of their anti-hyperlipidemic action.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: сравнить влияние терпенов и фитостеринов, содержащихся в иракском нуте, на уменьшение патогистологических повреждений у мышей, получавших высокожировой рацион питания.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Цельные растения нута семейства Fabaceae были собраны во время цветения на севере провинции Эрбиль (Ирак). Растения очищали, сушили при комнатной температуре в затененном месте, затем измельчали механическими мельницами и взвешивали. Эксперименты проводились в период с октября 2021 г. по апрель 2022 г. на 32 здоровых самцах мышей-альбиносов весом 20–30 г. в возрасте 2–3 мес, предоставленных Институтом диагностики бесплодия и вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий. Животных акклиматизировали к стандартным условиям окружающей среды, обеспечивая кормом и водой ad libitum в течение 1 нед до начала эксперимента. Гиперлипидемия была индуцирована добавлением высокожировой пищи (2% холестерина и 1% арахисового масла) к стандартному рациону в течение 28 дней. Измерение массы тела проводилось еженедельно в каждой группе животных. Фракцию терпенов и фитостеринов из иракского нута вводили в течение 28 дней через внутрижелудочный зонд. Затем животные содержались без пищи в течение 24 ч с забором образцов крови через пункцию сердца. Уровни общего холестерина, триглицеридов (TГ), липопротеинов низкой плотности (ЛПНП), липопротеинов очень низкой плотности (ЛПОНП), липопротеинов высокой плотности, аланинаминотрансферазы (АЛТ), аспартатаминотрансферазы (АСТ), щелочной фосфатазы (ЩФ) и общего билирубина в сыворотке крови определяли с помощью стандартных диагностических наборов и автоматических анализаторов. После вывода животных из эксперимента их печень и сердце были извлечены для анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Патогистологическое исследование группы мышей с индуцированной гиперлипидемией показало выраженную диффузную цитоплазматическую жировую инфильтрацию печеночных и сердечных клеток. Состояние животных улучшалось в результате введения как терпенов, так и фитостеринов. При этом лечение терпенами было более эффективным, чем лечение фитостеринами. Наилучшие изменения липидных профилей были отмечены при терапии терпенами, что выражалось в значимом снижении (p≤0,05) сывороточных уровней общего холестерина (142,40±14,43 мг/дл), ТГ (98,89±8,71 мг/дл), ЛПНП (79,43±15,14 мг/дл) и ЛПОНП (19,78±1,74 мг/дл) при значимом снижении (p≤0,05) ферментативной активности печени (АЛТ (19,19±1,36 Ед/л), АСТ (15,98±1,3 Ед/л) и ЩФ (20,99±4,43 Ед/л)) и показателей общего билирубина (1,60±0,12 мг/дл) (p≤0,05). Потенциальное улучшение уровней малондиальдегида и глутатиона у мышей с гиперлипидемией было получено при использовании терпенов с достоверными различиями (p≤0,05).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что по сравнению с фитостеринами терпены оказывают достоверное влияние на состояние тканей печени и сердца, липидный профиль, функциональные ферменты печени и параметры окислительного стресса при гиперлипидемии, индуцированной высокожировым рационом питания. Рекомендуются дальнейшие исследования для оценки эффективности и установления механизма действия антигиперлипидемических эффектов терпенов и фитостеринов.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гиперлипидемия</kwd><kwd>нут</kwd><kwd>терпены</kwd><kwd>фитостерины</kwd><kwd>липидный профиль</kwd><kwd>оксидативный стресс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hyperlipidemia</kwd><kwd>chickpea</kwd><kwd>terpenes</kwd><kwd>phytosterols</kwd><kwd>lipid profile</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансовой поддержки</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The authors declare no funding</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abu-Raghif A.R., Sahib H.B., Abbas S.N. 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