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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2025.296</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-1134</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Chemoinformatic study of spiramycin in comparison with other antibiotics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хемоинформационное исследование спирамицина в сравнении с другими антибиотиками</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-710X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromovа</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Громова Ольга Алексеевна, д.м.н., проф.</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: J-4946-2017</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003589812</p><p>ул. Вавилова, д. 44, корп. 2, Москва 119333</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Gromova, Dr. Sci. Med., Prof.</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: J-4946-2017</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003589812</p><p>44 corp. 2 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119333</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">unesco.gromova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-7998</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торшин</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Torshin</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Торшин Иван Юрьевич, к.ф-м.н., к.х.н. </p><p>WoS ResearcherID: C-7683-2018</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003300274</p><p>ул. Вавилова, д. 44, корп. 2, Москва 119333</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan Yu. Torshin, PhD (Phys. Math.), PhD (Chem.) </p><p>WoS ResearcherID: C-7683-2018</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003300274</p><p>44 corp. 2 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119333</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control”, Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Gromovа O.A., Torshin I.Y., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gromovа O.A., Torshin I.Y.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1134">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1134</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Antibiotics have different spectra of action on bacterial pathogens, including their antibiotic-resistant strains. Establishing the spectra of action of antibiotics and mechanisms of resistance to them is an important task for finding effective and safe antibiotic therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: a chemoinformatic study of the macrolide spiramycin in comparison with moxifloxacin, josamycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The analysis was carried out using modern data analysis methods (theories of labeled graph analysis, metric data analysis, combinatorial solvability theory, topological theory of ill-formalized problem analysis) developed within the algebraic approach to recognition.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Chemomicrobiomic and pharmacoinformatic profiling of spiramycin indicated significant differences between the spiramycin molecule and the comparison molecules in terms of efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action. Characteristic features of spiramycin action were inhibition of protein synthesis by influencing the ribosome, with possible inhibition of bacterial topoisomerase, DNA synthesis and with anti-membrane activity, including through ionophore mechanisms. Analysis of correlations between chemogenomic profiles of molecules indicated a pronounced similarity of the effects of three of the five studied molecules (josamycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin) with a significant difference in the effects of spiramycin from the effects of other studied macrolides. Mechanisms of resistance to spiramycin potentially include genes from the functional groups “assembly of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria”, “sorbitol transport”, “transmembrane transporter of L-leucine”, etc. Spiramycin was characterized by the best safety profile in terms of antimicronutrient effects (increase in the risk of excretion of a particular micronutrient by only 7%).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The significant difference between the chemogenomic, chemomicrobiomic and pharmacoinformatic profiles of spiramycin and other antibiotics (including other macrolides) suggests low resistance to spiramycin at the population level.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Антибиотики различаются спектром воздействия на бактериальные патогены, в т.ч. их антибиотикорезистентные штаммы. Установление спектров действия антибиотиков и механизмов резистентности к ним является важной задачей для поиска эффективной и безопасной антибиотикотерапии.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: хемоинформационное исследование спирамицина в сравнении с другими макролидами (джозамицином, азитромицином, кларитромицином) и респираторным фторхинолоном (моксифлоксацином).</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Оценка проведена посредством современных методов анализа (теорий анализа размеченных графов, метрического анализа данных, комбинаторной теории разрешимости, топологической теории анализа плохо формализованных задач), развиваемых в рамках алгебраического подхода к распознаванию.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Хемомикробиомное и фармакоинформационное профилирование показало существенные отличия молекулы спирамицина от молекул сравнения с точки зрения эффективности, безопасности и механизмов действия. Отмечены характерные особенности действия спирамицина: ингибирование синтеза белка посредством воздействия на рибосому с возможными ингибированием бактериальной топоизомеразы, синтеза ДНК, снижением потенциала и дестабилизации мембран, в т.ч. через ионофорные механизмы. Анализ корреляций между хемогеномными профилями указал на выраженную схожесть эффектов трех из пяти исследованных молекул (джозамицина, азитромицина, кларитромицина) при существенном отличии действия спирамицина от свойств других исследованных макролидов. Механизмы резистентности к спирамицину потенциально включают гены из функциональных групп «сборка наружной мембраны грамотрицательных бактерий», «транспорт сорбитола», «трансмембранный транспортер L-лейцина» и др. Спирамицин характеризовался наилучшим профилем безопасности с точки зрения антимикронутриентных эффектов (увеличение риска выведения жизненно важных микронутриентов всего на 7%).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Существенное отличие хемогеномных, хемомикробиомных и фармакоинформационных профилей спирамицина от остальных антибиотиков (в т.ч. других макролидов) позволяет предполагать низкую резистентность к спирамицину на уровне популяций.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антибиотики</kwd><kwd>макролиды</kwd><kwd>механизмы действия</kwd><kwd>механизмы резистентности</kwd><kwd>фармакоинформатика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antibiotics</kwd><kwd>macrolides</kwd><kwd>mechanisms of action</kwd><kwd>resistance mechanisms</kwd><kwd>pharmacoinformatics</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансовой поддержки</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The authors declare no funding</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zahari N.I.N., Engku Abd Rahman E.N.S., Irekeola A.A., et al. a review of the resistance mechanisms for β-lactams, macrolides and fluoroquinolones among streptococcus pneumoniae. 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