<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">farmaec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2070-4909</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2070-4933</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2024.236</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">farmaec-1013</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Study of lithium carbonate and ascorbate proliferative properties on transplantable Lewis lung carcinoma metastasis model</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование пролиферативных свойств карбоната и аскорбата лития на модели метастазирования перевиваемой карциномы легких Льюис</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2360-9276</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролова</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolova</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фролова Дарья Евгеньевна – ассистент кафедры онкологии, акушерства и гинекологии</p><p>Шереметевский пр-т, д. 8, Иваново 153012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria E. Frolova – ассистент кафедры онкологии, акушерства и гинекологии </p><p>8 Sheremetyevsky Ave., Ivanovo 153012</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-7998</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торшин</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Torshin</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Торшин Иван Юрьевич – к.ф-м.н., к.х.н., ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: C-7683-2018;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003300274</p><p>ул. Вавилова, д. 44, корп. 2, Москва 119334</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan Yu. Torshin – PhD (Phys. Math.), PhD (Chem.), Leading Researcher</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: C-7683-2018;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003300274</p><p>44 corp. 2 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119333</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5694-3643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Расташанский</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rastashansky</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Расташанский Вячеслав Валериевич – аналитик</p><p>ул. Нобеля (территория Инновационного центра Сколково), д. 5, Москва 121205</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav V. Rastashansky – Analyst</p><p>5 Nobel Str. (Skolkovo Innovation Center Territory), Moscow 121205</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9690-4746</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филимонова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filimonova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Филимонова Марина Владимировна – д.м.н., д.б.н., профессор, заведующая лабораторией радиационной фармакологии</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 36894092800</p><p>ул. Королева, д. 4, Обнинск 249036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Filimonova – Dr. Med. Sc., Dr. Biol. Sc., Professor, Head of Laboratory of Radiation Pharmacology</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 36894092800</p><p>4 Korolev Str., Obninsk 249036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-710X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Громова Ольга Алексеевна – д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: J-4946-2017;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003589812</p><p>ул. Вавилова, д. 44, корп. 2, Москва 119334</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Gromova – Dr. Med. Sc., Professor, Leading Researcher</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: J-4946-2017;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7003589812</p><p>44 corp. 2 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119333</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">unesco.gromova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Ивановская государственная медицинская академия» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Ivanovo State Medical Academy<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control”, Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Нормофарм»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Normofarm LLC<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба – филиал федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Научный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Tsyba Medical Radiological Research Center – branch of Scientific Medical Research Center of Radiology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>212</fpage><lpage>219</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Frolova D.E., Torshin I.Y., Rastashansky V.V., Filimonova M.V., Gromova O.A., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фролова Д.Е., Торшин И.Ю., Расташанский В.В., Филимонова М.В., Громова О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Frolova D.E., Torshin I.Y., Rastashansky V.V., Filimonova M.V., Gromova O.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1013">https://www.pharmacoeconomics.ru/jour/article/view/1013</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to study the antitumor effects of organic lithium salt (lithium ascorbate) in different doses in comparison with inorganic lithium salt (carbonate).</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Two series of experiments were carried out on the effect of lithium preparations on the dynamics of transplantable Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) growth and metastasis in F1 mice (CBA × C57Bl/6j). In the first series, a comparative study of the effects of different lithium ascorbate doses (1 and 10 mg/kg/day based on elemental lithium) was performed, and in the second series, a comparison was made of the effects of lithium ascorbate and carbonate when used at the same dose (5 mg/kg/day).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Significant antitumor effects were found for lithium ascorbate lower doses (1 and 5 mg/kg/day). A statistically significant antitumor effect of lithium ascorbate was observed from Day 10 throughout the entire observation period (tumor growth inhibition index (TGII) 30–40%). The antitumor effect of lithium carbonate in this experiment was less pronounced and stable (TGII 20–30%). No antimetastatic effect was observed with both preparations.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Subchronic intragastric administration of lithium ascorbate and carbonate to tumor-bearing animals at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, an antitumor effect is observed, manifested by LLC growth inhibition. Effective and safe antitumor doses of lithium ascorbate are in the range of 1–5 mg/kg.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: изучение противоопухолевых эффектов органической соли лития (аскорбат лития) в различных дозах в сравнении с неорганической солью (карбонат лития).</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проведено две серии экспериментов по влиянию препаратов лития на динамику роста и метастазирование перевиваемой карциномы легких Льюис (КЛЛ) у мышей F1 (CBA × C57Bl/6j). В первой серии осуществляли сравнительное изучение эффектов различных доз аскорбата лития (1 и 10 мг/кг/сут в расчете на элементный литий), а во второй – сравнение эффектов аскорбата и карбоната лития при использовании в одинаковой дозе (5 мг/кг/сут).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Достоверные противоопухолевые эффекты найдены для более низких доз аскорбата лития (1 и 5 мг/кг/сут). Статистически достоверный противоопухолевый эффект аскорбата лития отмечался с 10-х суток в течение всего срока наблюдения (индекс торможения роста опухоли (ТРО) 30–40%). Противоопухолевое действие карбоната лития в этом опыте было менее выраженным и стабильным (ТРО 20–30%). Антиметастатического эффекта при воздействии обоих препаратов не наблюдалось.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. При субхроническом внутрижелудочном введении аскорбата и карбоната лития животным-опухоленосителям в ежедневной дозе 5 мг/кг отмечается противоопухолевый эффект, проявляющийся торможением роста КЛЛ. Эффективные и безопасные противоопухолевые дозы аскорбата лития лежат в диапазоне 1–5 мг/кг/сут.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>противоопухолевые эффекты</kwd><kwd>карцинома легких Льюис</kwd><kwd>КЛЛ</kwd><kwd>аскорбат лития</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Antitumor effects</kwd><kwd>Lewis lung carcinoma</kwd><kwd>LLC</kwd><kwd>lithium ascorbate</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-21-00154.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 23-21-00154.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гоголева И.В., Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю. и др. Нейробиологическая роль солей лития. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2022; 122 (11): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202212211117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gogoleva I.V., Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., et al. A systematic analysis of neurobiological roles of lithium. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova / The Korsakov’s Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2022; 122 (11): 17–23 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202212211117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vidali S., Aminzadeh-Gohari S., Vatrinet R., et al. Lithium and not acetoacetate influences the growth of cells treated with lithium acetoacetate. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20 (12): 3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidali S., Aminzadeh-Gohari S., Vatrinet R., et al. Lithium and not acetoacetate influences the growth of cells treated with lithium acetoacetate. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20 (12): 3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cousins D.A., Squarcina L., Boumezbeur F., et al. Lithium: past, present, and future. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7 (3): 222–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30365-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cousins D.A., Squarcina L., Boumezbeur F., et al. Lithium: past, present, and future. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7 (3): 222–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30365-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin I.Y., Gromova O.A., Ostrenko K.S., et al. Lithium ascorbate as a promising neuroprotector: fundamental and experimental studies of an organic lithium salt. Molecules. 2022; 27 (7): 2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin I.Y., Gromova O.A., Ostrenko K.S., et al. Lithium ascorbate as a promising neuroprotector: fundamental and experimental studies of an organic lithium salt. Molecules. 2022; 27 (7): 2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Härtel C., Strunk T., Bucsky P., Schultz C. Effects of vitamin C on intracytoplasmic cytokine production in human whole blood monocytes and lymphocytes. Cytokine. 2004; 27 (4–5): 101–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2004.02.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Härtel C., Strunk T., Bucsky P., Schultz C. Effects of vitamin C on intracytoplasmic cytokine production in human whole blood monocytes and lymphocytes. Cytokine. 2004; 27 (4–5): 101–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2004.02.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cha J., Roomi M.W., Ivanov V., et al. Ascorbate supplementation inhibits growth and metastasis of B16FO melanoma and 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitamin C-deficient mice. Int J Oncol. 2013; 42 (1): 55–64. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cha J., Roomi M.W., Ivanov V., et al. Ascorbate supplementation inhibits growth and metastasis of B16FO melanoma and 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitamin C-deficient mice. Int J Oncol. 2013; 42 (1): 55–64. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurbacher C.M., Wagner U., Kolster B., et al. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) improves the antineoplastic activity of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel in human breast carcinoma cells in vitr. Cancer Lett. 1996; 103 (2): 183–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(96)04212-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurbacher C.M., Wagner U., Kolster B., et al. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) improves the antineoplastic activity of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel in human breast carcinoma cells in vitr. Cancer Lett. 1996; 103 (2): 183–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(96)04212-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mikirova N., Riordan N., Casciari J. Modulation of cytokines in cancer patients by intravenous ascorbate therapy. Med Sci Monit. 2016; 22: 14–25. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.895368.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikirova N., Riordan N., Casciari J. Modulation of cytokines in cancer patients by intravenous ascorbate therapy. Med Sci Monit. 2016; 22: 14–25. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.895368.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carr A.C., Cook J. Intravenous vitamin C for cancer therapy – identifying the current gaps in our knowledge. Front Physiol. 2018; 9: 1182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carr A.C., Cook J. Intravenous vitamin C for cancer therapy – identifying the current gaps in our knowledge. Front Physiol. 2018; 9: 1182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawano K., Hattori Y., Iwakura H., et al. Adrenal tumor volume in genetically engineered mouse model of neuroblastoma determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Exp Ther Med. 2012; 4 (1): 61–4. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2012.564.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawano K., Hattori Y., Iwakura H., et al. Adrenal tumor volume in genetically engineered mouse model of neuroblastoma determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Exp Ther Med. 2012; 4 (1): 61–4. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2012.564.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хабриев Р.У. (ред.) Руководство по экспериментальному (доклиническому) изучению новых фармакологических веществ. 2-е изд. М.: Медицина; 2005: 832 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khabriev R.Yu. (Ed.) Guidelines for the experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances. 2nd ed. Мoscow: Meditsina; 2005: 832 pp. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Таскаева И.С. Бгатова Н.П., Соли лития в экспериментальной онкологии (обзор литературы). Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2019; 39 (5): 12–8. https://doi.org/10.15372/SSMJ20190502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taskaeva I.S., Bgatova N.P. Lithium salts in experimental oncology (review). Siberian Scientific Medical Journal. 2019; 39 (5): 12–8. https://doi.org/10.15372/SSMJ20190502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erdal E., Ozturk N., Cagatay T., et al. Lithium-mediated downregulation of PKB/Akt and cyclin E with growth inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2005; 115 (6): 903–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdal E., Ozturk N., Cagatay T., et al. Lithium-mediated downregulation of PKB/Akt and cyclin E with growth inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2005; 115 (6): 903–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zubčić V., Rinčić N., Kurtović M., et al. GANT61 and lithium chloride inhibit the growth of head and neck cancer cell lines through the regulation of GLI3 processing by GSK3β. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (17): 6410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zubčić V., Rinčić N., Kurtović M., et al. GANT61 and lithium chloride inhibit the growth of head and neck cancer cell lines through the regulation of GLI3 processing by GSK3β. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (17): 6410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176410.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Araujo W.M., Robbs B.K., Bastos L.G., et al. PTEN overexpression cooperates with lithium to reduce the malignancy and to increase cell death by apoptosis via PI3K/Akt suppression in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Biochem. 2016; 117 (2): 458–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25294.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Araujo W.M., Robbs B.K., Bastos L.G., et al. PTEN overexpression cooperates with lithium to reduce the malignancy and to increase cell death by apoptosis via PI3K/Akt suppression in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Biochem. 2016; 117 (2): 458–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25294.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costabile V., Duraturo F., Delrio P., et al. Lithium chloride induces mesenchymal‑to‑epithelial reverting transition in primary colon cancer cell cultures. Int J Oncol. 2015; 46 (5): 1913–23. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costabile V., Duraturo F., Delrio P., et al. Lithium chloride induces mesenchymal‑to‑epithelial reverting transition in primary colon cancer cell cultures. Int J Oncol. 2015; 46 (5): 1913–23. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee J.H., Kim S.W., Kim J.H., et al. Lithium chloride protects against sepsis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia. Cells. 2021; 10 (5): 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee J.H., Kim S.W., Kim J.H., et al. Lithium chloride protects against sepsis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia. Cells. 2021; 10 (5): 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
